scholarly journals Protection of Teleost Fish against Infectious Diseases through Oral Administration of Vaccines: Update 2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (20) ◽  
pp. 10932
Author(s):  
Jarl Bøgwald ◽  
Roy A. Dalmo
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Oral Vaccine ◽  
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus ◽  
Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus ◽  
Oral Vaccines ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
Mass Immunization ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Pancreatic Necrosis Virus

Immersion and intraperitoneal injection are the two most common methods used for the vaccination of fish. Because both methods require that fish are handled and thereby stressed, oral administration of vaccines as feed supplements is desirable. In addition, in terms of revaccination (boosting) of adult fish held in net pens, oral administration of vaccines is probably the only feasible method to obtain proper protection against diseases over long periods of time. Oral vaccination is considered a suitable method for mass immunization of large and stress-sensitive fish populations. Moreover, oral vaccines may preferably induce mucosal immunity, which is especially important to fish. Experimental oral vaccine formulations include both non-encapsulated and encapsulated antigens, viruses and bacteria. To develop an effective oral vaccine, the desired antigens must be protected against the harsh environments in the stomach and gut so they can remain intact when they reach the lower gut/intestine where they normally are absorbed and transported to immune cells. The most commonly used encapsulation method is the use of alginate microspheres that can effectively deliver vaccines to the intestine without degradation. Other encapsulation methods include chitosan encapsulation, poly D,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid and liposome encapsulation. Only a few commercial oral vaccines are available on the market, including those against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), Spring viremia carp virus (SVCV), infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) and Piscirickettsia salmonis. This review highlights recent developments of oral vaccination in teleost fish.

scholarly journals Oral Biologic Delivery: Advances Toward Oral Subunit, DNA, and mRNA Vaccines and the Potential for Mass Vaccination During Pandemics

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 517-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob William Coffey ◽  
Gaurav Das Gaiha ◽  
Giovanni Traverso
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Oral Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Delivery ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
Oral Vaccines ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
Enteric Diseases ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines

Oral vaccination enables pain-free and self-administrable vaccine delivery for rapid mass vaccination during pandemic outbreaks. Furthermore, it elicits systemic and mucosal immune responses. This protects against infection at mucosal surfaces, which may further enhance protection and minimize the spread of disease. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract presents a number of prospective mucosal inductive sites for vaccine targeting, including the oral cavity, stomach, and small intestine. However, currently available oral vaccines are effectively limited to live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines against enteric diseases. The GI tract poses a number of challenges,including degradative processes that digest biologics and mucosal barriers that limit their absorption. This review summarizes the approaches currently under development and future opportunities for oral vaccine delivery to established (intestinal) and relatively new (oral cavity, stomach) mucosal targets. Special consideration is given to recent advances in oral biologic delivery that offer promise as future platforms for the administration of oral vaccines.

Antigen Delivery to Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissues Using Liposomes as a Carrier

2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Zhou ◽  
Marian R. Neutra
Keyword(s):  
Oral Vaccine ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
M Cells ◽  
Antigen Delivery ◽  
Mucosal Immunization ◽  
Oral Vaccines ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
Particulate Form ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Antigen Carrier

Oral vaccination requires an antigen delivery vehicle to protect the antigen and to enhance translocation of the antigen to the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. A variety of antigen delivery vehicles including liposomes have been studied for mucosal immunization. The advantages of liposome formulations are their particulate form and the ability to accommodate immunomodulators and targeting molecules in the same package. Many conventional liposomes are variably unstable in acids, pancreatic juice and bile. Nevertheless, carefully designed liposomes have demonstrated an impressive efficacy in inducing mucosal IgA responses, compared to free antigens and other delivery vehicles. However, liposomes as an oral vaccine vehicle are not yet optimized. To design liposomes that are stable in the harsh intestinal environment and are efficiently taken up by the M cells remains a challenge. This review summarizes recent research efforts using liposomes as an antigen carrier for oral vaccines with practical attention to liposome designs and interaction with the M cells.

scholarly journals Strategies for Developing Oral Vaccines for Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Induced Cancer using Nanoparticle mediated Delivery System

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Nasir Uddin ◽  
Samir A. Kouzi ◽  
Muhammad Delwar Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Oral Vaccine ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Human Papillomaviruses ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Oral Vaccines ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Mass Immunization

Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) are a diverse group of small non-enveloped DNA viruses. Some HPVs are classified as low-risk as they are very rarely associated with neoplasia or cancer in the general population, and cause lenient warts. Other HPVs are considered as high-risk types because they are responsible for several important human cancers, including cervical cancer, a large proportion of other anogenital cancers, and a growing number of head and neck cancers. Transmission of HPV occurs primarily by skin-to-skin contact. The risk of contracting genital HPV infection and cervical cancer is influenced by sexual activity. Currently two prophylactic HPV vaccines, Gardasil® (Merck, USA) and Cervarix® (GlaxoSmithKline, UK), are available and recommended for mass immunization of adolescents. However, these vaccines have limitations as they are expensive and require cold chain storage and trained personnel to administer them by injection. The use of nano or micro particulate vaccines could address most of these limitations as they are stable at room temperature, inexpensive to produce and distribute to resource poor regions, and can be administered orally without the need for adjuvants in the formulation. Also it is possible to increase the efficiency of these particulate vaccines by decorating the surface of the nano or micro particulates with suitable ligands for targeted delivery. Oral vaccines, which can be delivered using particulate formulations, have the added potential to stimulate mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue located in the digestive tract and the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, both of which are important for the induction of effective mucosal response against many viruses. In addition, oral vaccines provide the opportunity to reduce production and administration costs and are very patient compliant. This review elaborately discusses different strategies that can be pursued to develop a nano or micro particulate oral vaccine for HPV induced cancers and other diseases. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.

Role of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) infection in co-infections with other viruses

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 6050-2018
Author(s):  
JOANNA MAJ-PALUCH ◽  
MICHAŁ REICHERT
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Pancreatic Necrosis ◽  
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus ◽  
Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus ◽  
Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus ◽  
Necrosis Virus ◽  
Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis ◽  
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis ◽  
Pancreatic Necrosis Virus

Co-infection is an infection of more than one pathogen. In aquatic environment, the most common occurrence is appearance of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in the presence of other viruses such as infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV), or salmonid alphavirus (SAV). In most cases, the IPN virus reduces the proliferation of other viruses in cell cultures or in the internal organs of salmonids, for example in IHNV or ISAV co-infections. However, it happens that there is no significant effect on the multiplication of the virus with which it coexists, e.g. IPNV-VHSV. Body's defense mechanisms, interferon and other interferon-like factors or mutations in the genome play an important role in co-infection..

scholarly journals Expression Profiles of NOD-Like Receptors in Salmonid Cells after Infection with Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV)

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Gardenia Payne ◽  
Fernanda Fredericksen ◽  
Nicolás Maldonado ◽  
Melina Villalba ◽  
Victor Olavarría
Keyword(s):  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Pancreatic Necrosis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Necrosis Virus ◽  
Cellular Models ◽  
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis ◽  
Pancreatic Necrosis Virus

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNv) is a worldwide etiologic agent of one disease that causes severe economic losses in several species of fish, mainly in young salmonids. Its genome consists of two linear double-stranded RNA segments that encode five viral proteins. Teleost fish respond to infectious agents, mainly through the components of innate immunity. This response to viral infections is initiated, conducted, and coordinated by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which can detect the presence of microorganisms through the identification of molecular patterns associated with pathogens (PAMPs). Heterologous PRR molecules have been found in salmonids, even in teleost fish. NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are a multigenic family of cytoplasmic molecules involved in immunity and apoptosis; these receptors have been little studied in fish. However, they have recently been linked to antiviral defense. There is no information that relates the expression of NOD-like receptors with IPNv infection. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the gene expression of several members of subfamily A of the NLRs (NOD1, NOD2, NLR-C3, NLR-C5, and NLR-X1) in response to IPNv infection by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and cellular models used in vitro and ex vivo. The expression analysis revealed that CHSE-214 cells, infected with IPNv, show a positive regulation of the NLRs, with the NLRX1 gene being the one with the highest expression. A similar result was obtained when primary cultures of head kidney of rainbow trout were infected with IPNv, but in this case, the most stimulated receptor was found to be NLR-C5. Overall, the results suggest that NLRs could play a key role in the regulation of defense mechanisms of salmonids against viral pathogens and justify the exploration of the precise molecular mechanism related to the immune system of the NLRs in these fish.

scholarly journals Role of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) infection in co-infections with other viruses

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-246
Author(s):  
JOANNA MAJ-PALUCH ◽  
MICHAŁ REICHERT
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Pancreatic Necrosis ◽  
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus ◽  
Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus ◽  
Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus ◽  
Necrosis Virus ◽  
Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis ◽  
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis ◽  
Pancreatic Necrosis Virus

Co-infection is an infection of more than one pathogen. In an aquatic environment, the most common occurrence is the appearance of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in the presence of other viruses such as infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV), or salmonid alphavirus (SAV). In most cases, the IPN virus reduces the proliferation of other viruses in cell cultures or in the internal organs of salmonids; for example, in IHNV or ISAV co-infections. However, it also happens that there is no significant effect on the multiplication of the virus with which it coexists, e.g. IPNV-VHSV. A body's defense mechanisms, interferon and other interferon-like factors or mutations in the genome play an important role in co-infection..

Results of Surveillance Studies of Infectious Fish Diseases in Freshwater Aquaculture of Ukraine

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Matvienko ◽  
A. Vashchenko ◽  
I. Tsiganok ◽  
L. Buchatsky
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus ◽  
Test System ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Freshwater Aquaculture ◽  
Pancreatic Necrosis Virus

Aim. To investigate the epizootic state of fi sheries in Ukraine; to study the biological specifi cities of viral and bacterial isolates of fi sh in freshwater aquaculture. Methods. The epizootic state of fi sheries was defi ned ac- cording to the surveillance plan for fi sheries, virological (biosampling of sensitive fi sh species, virus isolation on sensitive passaged cell cultures), serological (enzyme immunoassay, virus neutralization test using sensitive passaged cell cultures) and molecular-biological (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction − RTPCR) methods of investigation were used. The pathogenicity of the isolated bacteria was studied in the biosample. The identifi cation was performed using Bergey’s Manual. The express-identifi cation of bacteria was performed using the standardized test-system API 20E Bio Merieux (France). Results. The IPNV isolates of rainbow trout were fi rst isolated in the fi sheries of different forms of ownership in the western regions of Ukraine (Volyn, L’viv, Transcarpathian, Chernivtsi regions). It was demonstrated that different age groups of carp are infested with the virus in the fi sheries of L’viv, Donetsk, Chernihiv, Kyiv, and Odesa regions which testifi es to a wide spread of the virus in Ukraine. Out of fi sh infectious diseases the red spot-like disease and the swim bladder infl ammation of carp, the diseases of young trout and sturgeon were detected in the investigated fi sheries of Ukraine. Conclusions. The epizootic data were used to estimate the condition of the fi sheries in Ukraine in terms of fi sh infectious diseases. An infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, new for Ukraine, was revealed. It was found to affect rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss , Walbaum, 1792) and the spread of SVCV in carp fi sheries was demonstrated. As for bacterial fi sh diseases, the decrease in the epizootic situation was described along with considerable extension of the range of species of bacterial pathogens of fi sh. Annual systematic monitoring and measures of preventing the introduction of the agents of infectious diseases are the guarantee of protection of the specialized fi sheries of Ukraine.

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