scholarly journals The Value of Cognitive Pretesting: Improving Validity and Revealing Blind Spots through the Development of a Newborn Screening Parent Experiences Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Norma-Jean Simon ◽  
Anne Atkins ◽  
Brianne Miller ◽  
Natasha Bonhomme ◽  
Beth Tarini
Keyword(s):  
Newborn Screening ◽  
The United States ◽  
True Positive ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Parent Experiences ◽  
Survey Questions ◽  
Study Team ◽  
Ages And Stages Questionnaires ◽  
Cognitive Pretesting ◽  
Blind Spots

Surveys are used to gather a range of data on newborn screening (NBS) processes. We describe the development of a survey about parents’ NBS experiences, in the United States, informed by cognitive pretest interviews among parents with varying NBS test results (true-positive, false-positive, normal). Cognitive pretest interviews were conducted following a semi-structured script and notes were taken to identify problematic survey items. The study team met weekly to discuss pretest feedback, draft changes, and generate revised items. Pretests indicated that parent experiences with NBS are varied and NBS screening procedures are not well understood. Substantial modifications were made to survey questions concerning NBS testing and result communication. Pretesters often associated NBS with other tests/exams/scales—APGAR scores, Ages and Stages questionnaires, and genetic testing during pregnancy. Some pretesters recalled receiving NBS blood spot results during their hospital admission, an uncommon practice, and few recalled knowing results would be provided to them or their pediatrician in the first few weeks of life. Thorough explanations regarding NBS procedures and expectations were embedded within the survey to enhance and improve interpretation of survey questions. Future NBS experience surveys should utilize cognitive pretesting to capture divergent experiences and improve response validity.

Newborn Screening Fact Sheets

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-501 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Newborn Screening ◽  
The United States ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Policies And Procedures ◽  
Children And Parents ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Current Screening

These newborn screening fact sheets were developed by the Committee on Genetics of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) with considerable assistance and consultation from many individuals. It is hoped that the information contained in these fact sheets will assist the pediatrician in understanding the individual tests, their characteristics, and their strengths and weaknesses. Newborn screening is an individual function of each state; therefore, screening programs are not uniform throughout the United States (Table). Because the test results can affect children and parents in a variety of ways, there are special concerns about how states make decisions to adopt new tests and how they evaluate their current screening panels. Currently, many states are examining their practices. The informatiion in the fact sheets was not designed to advocate specific newborn screening tests but to assist pediatricians in evaluating policies and procedures and in developing appropriate positions based on the needs of their patients and their geographic regions.

scholarly journals Numerical and Experimental Investigation on Concrete Splitting Failure of Anchor Channels

CivilEng ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 502-522
Author(s):  
Anton Bogdanić ◽  
Daniele Casucci ◽  
Joško Ožbolt
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Failure Mode ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
The United States ◽  
Embedment Depth ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Concrete Members ◽  
Splitting Failure ◽  
Edge Distance ◽  
Numerical Parametric Study

Concrete splitting failure due to tension load can occur when fastening systems are located close to an edge or corner of a concrete member, especially in thin members. This failure mode has not been extensively investigated for anchor channels. Given the current trend in the construction industry towards more slender concrete members, this failure mode will become more and more relevant. In addition, significantly different design rules in the United States and Europe indicate the need for harmonization between codes. Therefore, an extensive numerical parametric study was carried out to evaluate the influence of member thickness, edge distance, and anchor spacing on the capacity of anchor channels in uncracked and unreinforced concrete members. One of the main findings was that the characteristic edge distance depends on the member thickness and can be larger than 3hef (hef = embedment depth) for thin members. Based on the numerical and experimental test results, modifications of the design recommendations for the splitting failure mode are proposed. Overall, the authors recommend performing the splitting verification separately from the concrete breakout to design anchor channels in thin members more accurately.

A Nationwide Survey of COVID-19 Testing in LGBTQ+ Populations in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 003335492110181
Author(s):  
Richard J. Martino ◽  
Kristen D. Krause ◽  
Marybec Griffin ◽  
Caleb LoSchiavo ◽  
Camilla Comer-Carruthers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gay Men ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
And Gender

Objectives Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer and questioning (LGBTQ+) people and populations face myriad health disparities that are likely to be evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. The objectives of our study were to describe patterns of COVID-19 testing among LGBTQ+ people and to differentiate rates of COVID-19 testing and test results by sociodemographic characteristics. Methods Participants residing in the United States and US territories (N = 1090) aged ≥18 completed an internet-based survey from May through July 2020 that assessed COVID-19 testing and test results and sociodemographic characteristics, including sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI). We analyzed data on receipt and results of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and antibody testing for SARS-CoV-2 and symptoms of COVID-19 in relation to sociodemographic characteristics. Results Of the 1090 participants, 182 (16.7%) received a PCR test; of these, 16 (8.8%) had a positive test result. Of the 124 (11.4%) who received an antibody test, 45 (36.3%) had antibodies. Rates of PCR testing were higher among participants who were non–US-born (25.4%) versus US-born (16.3%) and employed full-time or part-time (18.5%) versus unemployed (10.8%). Antibody testing rates were higher among gay cisgender men (17.2%) versus other SOGI groups, non–US-born (25.4%) versus US-born participants, employed (12.6%) versus unemployed participants, and participants residing in the Northeast (20.0%) versus other regions. Among SOGI groups with sufficient cell sizes (n > 10), positive PCR results were highest among cisgender gay men (16.1%). Conclusions The differential patterns of testing and positivity, particularly among gay men in our sample, confirm the need to create COVID-19 public health messaging and programming that attend to the LGBTQ+ population.

scholarly journals Prediction of seasonal patterns of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus RNA detection in the U.S. swine industry

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-400
Author(s):  
Giovani Trevisan ◽  
Leticia C. M. Linhares ◽  
Bret Crim ◽  
Poonam Dubey ◽  
Kent J. Schwartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Robust Regression ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Cyclic Pattern ◽  
Rna Detection ◽  
Virus Rna

We developed a model to predict the cyclic pattern of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) RNA detection by reverse-transcription real-time PCR (RT-rtPCR) from 4 major swine-centric veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs) in the United States and to use historical data to forecast the upcoming year’s weekly percentage of positive submissions and issue outbreak signals when the pattern of detection was not as expected. Standardized submission data and test results were used. Historical data (2015–2017) composed of the weekly percentage of PCR-positive submissions were used to fit a cyclic robust regression model. The findings were used to forecast the expected weekly percentage of PCR-positive submissions, with a 95% confidence interval (CI), for 2018. During 2018, the proportion of PRRSV-positive submissions crossed 95% CI boundaries at week 2, 14–25, and 48. The relatively higher detection on week 2 and 48 were mostly from submissions containing samples from wean-to-market pigs, and for week 14–25 originated mostly from samples from adult/sow farms. There was a recurring yearly pattern of detection, wherein an increased proportion of PRRSV RNA detection in submissions originating from wean-to-finish farms was followed by increased detection in samples from adult/sow farms. Results from the model described herein confirm the seasonal cyclic pattern of PRRSV detection using test results consolidated from 4 VDLs. Wave crests occurred consistently during winter, and wave troughs occurred consistently during the summer months. Our model was able to correctly identify statistically significant outbreak signals in PRRSV RNA detection at 3 instances during 2018.

Accuracy of Computed Tomography for Detection of COVID-19 among Suspected Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 2474-2476
Author(s):  
Maham Munir Awan ◽  
Afshan Noreen ◽  
Farah Kalsoom ◽  
Muhammad Tahir ◽  
Umaima Majeed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Radiology Department ◽  
True Positive ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Radiological Society ◽  
Medical University ◽  
Pcr Test

Objective: To determine the accuracy of CT chest in diagnosis of COVID-19 taking RT-PCR-testing as gold standard. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 patients of suspicion of COVID-19 who were referred for CT Chest in Radiology Department of Nishtar Medical University Multan from June-2020 to May-2021 were included. In all patients, two RT-PCR test results were obtained with 7 days of admission in hospital. Presence of any of these positive was labelled as COVID-19 infection. CT chest was performed in all patients within 2 days of admission in hospital using 128 slices CT scan machine. The diagnosis of COVID-19 infection was made according to the recommendations by Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) protocol. Results: Mean age was 51.3±14.7 years. 78 (52%) patients were male and 72 (48%) patients were female. RTPCR test was positive in 89 (59.3%) patients. While the CT chest findings were suggestive of COVID-19 infection in 130 (86.7%) patients. The sensitivity of CT chest was 95.5%, specificity 26.2%, PPV wad 65.4% and NPV was 80.0%. Conclusion: CT chest has a very good sensitivity for detection of COVID-19, it can be used as a rapid diagnostic tool especially in areas of pandemic. However, the specificity of CT chest is low, that can limit its use in low COVID-19 affected areas. Keywords: COVID-19, Computed tomography, False Positive, True Positive, Positive Predictive Value, Negative Predictive Value.

scholarly journals What Happens after an Abortion Denial? A Review of Results from the Turnaway Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 226-230
Author(s):  
Sarah Miller ◽  
Laura R. Wherry ◽  
Diana Greene Foster
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Administrative Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Opportunities To Learn ◽  
Study Team

We provide a brief overview of the Turnaway Study, the first study to collect longitudinal data on individual women who received versus were denied a wanted abortion in the United States. The study team collected data on nearly 1,000 women seeking an abortion from 30 facilities around the country and followed them for 5 years. We discuss some of the main findings from the study related to the health, labor, and human capital outcomes of the women who were denied abortions and gave birth. We conclude by describing future opportunities to learn from the study with new linkages to administrative data.

scholarly journals A survey of the state of research data services in 35 U.S. academic libraries, or "Wow, what a sweeping question"

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Murray ◽  
Megan O'Donnell ◽  
Mark Laufersweiler ◽  
John Novak ◽  
Betty Rozum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Academic Libraries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Data ◽  
The State ◽  
Executive Summary ◽  
Data Repositories ◽  
Data Services ◽  
Survey Questions ◽  
State Of Research

This report shares the results of a Spring 2018 survey of 35 academic libraries in the United States in regard to the research data services (RDS) they offer. An executive summary presents key findings while the results section provides detailed information on the answers to specific survey questions related to data repositories, metadata, workshops, and polices.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document