scholarly journals Visualisation of Control Software for Cyber-Physical Systems

Information ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Igor Melatti ◽  
Federico Mari ◽  
Ivano Salvo ◽  
Enrico Tronci
Keyword(s):  
State Space ◽  
Physical System ◽  
Canonical Representation ◽  
Cyber Physical Systems ◽  
System State ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Qualitative Understanding ◽  
One Step ◽  
Taking Action ◽  
Human Designer

Cyber-physical systems are typically composed of a physical system (plant) controlled by a software (controller). Such a controller, given a plant state s and a plant action u, returns 1 iff taking action u in state s leads to the physical system goal or at least one step closer to it. Since a controller K is typically stored in compressed form, it is difficult for a human designer to actually understand how “good” K is. Namely, natural questions such as “does K cover a wide enough portion of the system state space?”, “does K cover the most important portion of the system state space?” or “which actions are enabled by K in a given portion of the system space?” are hard to answer by directly looking at K. This paper provides a methodology to automatically generate a picture of K as a 2D diagram, starting from a canonical representation for K and relying on available open source graphing tools (e.g., Gnuplot). Such picture allows a software designer to answer to the questions listed above, thus achieving a better qualitative understanding of the controller at hand.

scholarly journals OPEN-SCIENCE SPACE ISSUE: CALIBRATION OF MEASURING CHANNELS OF NON-DISMANTLING CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 12-17
Author(s):  
Bohdan Stadnyk ◽  
◽  
Vasyl Yatsuk ◽  
Mykola Mykyjchuk ◽  
Svyatoslav Yatsyshyn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical System ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Cyber Physical Systems ◽  
Metrological Characteristics ◽  
Cyber Physical System ◽  
Cyberphysical Systems ◽  
Time Code ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Physical Quantities

The analysis of the concept of Open-Science Space is carried out. The existence of ways to achieve reproducibility and traceability of research results performed by a group of worldwide situated Cyber-physical system operators/supervisors is shown. Ways to ensure the efficient operation of Cyber-physical systems as complex technological nondemountable objects with high requirements for metrological characteristics have been studied. To develop the scattered cyberphysical systems, the portable stable-in-time code-controlled measures of physical quantities have been studied. They have to be metrologically confirmed in the laboratory before the delivery to the site of the measuring subsystem for its calibration.

Bayesian Model for Evaluating Real-World Adaptation Progress of a Cyber-Physical System

2021 ◽  
pp. 324-343
Author(s):  
Arif Sari ◽  
Joshua Chibuike Sopuru
Keyword(s):  
Work Environment ◽  
Real World ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Physical System ◽  
Bayesian Model ◽  
Cyber Physical Systems ◽  
Cyber Physical System ◽  
Industrial Activities ◽  
Physical Systems

Cyber-physical systems, also known as CPS, have come to stay. There is no doubt, CPS would one day outnumber humans in industries. How do we evaluate the adaptation progress of these systems considering changing environmental conditions? A failed implementation of a CPS can result to a loss. Since CPSs are designed to automate industrial activities, which are centred on the use of several technologies, collaboration with humans may sometimes be inevitable. CPSs are needed to automate several processes and thus help firms compete favourably within an industry. This chapter focuses on the adaptation of CPS in diverse work environment. Considering the ecosystem of the CPS, the authors present a Bayesian model evaluating the progress of adaptation of a CPS given some known conditions.

scholarly journals Nonfragile Integral-Based Event-Triggered Control of Uncertain Cyber-Physical Systems under Cyber‐Attacks

Complexity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shen Yan ◽  
Sing Kiong Nguang ◽  
Liruo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Cyber Physical Systems ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Linear Matrix ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
System State ◽  
Network Resources ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Mean Square Stability ◽  
Event Triggered

This article studies the problem of nonfragile integral-based event-triggered control for uncertain cyber-physical systems under cyber-attacks. An integral-based event-triggered scheme is proposed to reduce the data transmissions and save the limited network resources. The triggering condition is related to the mean of system state over a finite time interval instead of instant system state. Random cyber-attacks in a communication channel are taken into account and described by a stochastic variable subject to Bernoulli distribution. A novel Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional based on Legendre polynomials is constructed, and the Bessel–Legendre inequality technique is employed to handle the integral term induced by the integral-based event-triggered scheme. Resorting to these treatments, sufficient conditions are established via a set of linear matrix inequalities to guarantee the asymptotic mean-square stability of the closed-loop system. Finally, a numerical example shows that the presented method is effective.

scholarly journals Intelligent Cybernetic System Using Gestalt Processing

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 53-63
Author(s):  
V. M. Trembach ◽  
A. S. Aleshchenko ◽  
A. A. Mikryukov
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Physical System ◽  
Cyber Physical Systems ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Cyber Physical System ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Control Actions ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Purpose of the study. The aim of the study is to create and develop modern cyber physical systems. The evolution of cyber physical systems (CPS) is associated with the development of a cognitive approach within the framework of the application of mechanisms used by humans to solve their daily tasks. In the cognitive approach to working with cyber physical systems, gestalt is considered as one of the ways of solving modern tasks within the framework of the new Industry 4.0 technology. In the cognitive approach a simple task is considered for cyber physical systems of the Internet of Things (CPS IoT) with gestalt processing. When investigating such a task for a simple cyber physical system, it will be possible to use a gestalt with a simple structure. The complication of the task and structure of gestalt can occur with the development of CPS IoT. The article examines an intelligent cyber physical system of the Internet of Things using methods of gestalt processing of their states - a picture of the world, while solving various problems of the Internet of Things.Materials and research methods. To solve tasks within the framework of a cognitive approach to the construction and development of cyber physical systems, new methods and developments of specialists in the field of intelligent systems are required. In the context of Industry 4.0 technologies, the Internet of Things the gestalt processing of CPS IoT is considered. Within the framework of the cognitive approach sensory images, concept-representations, concept-scenarios, concept-gestalts of cyber physical systems are used to interact with the real world. It is important to use concept gestalts that can reflect CPS IoT with new emergent properties. CPS IoT gestalt refers to a certain state of the cyber physical system and its habitat, which occurs when a need arises and closes after the need is satisfied. The main task of gestalt processing for a cyber physical system is to satisfy its needs. The solution to this problem includes: the organization of the collection and the direct collection of the necessary elements for the formation of the gestalt, and later for its closure; the formation of the gestalt; the closure of the gestalt. For the accumulation of experience, its use and development, it is proposed to use machine learning methods. Machine learning results can be presented in the form of concept representations, concept scenarios.Results. The concepts-gestalts of CPS IoT, gestalt processing of CPS IoT are proposed within the framework of the cognitive approach. As the main stages of gestalt processing, the article highlights: - preparation of initial data for the formation of the need for CPS IoT: - formation of an imaginative perception - a picture of the world, including the current state of CPS IoT and necessary for the closure of the gestalt; - formation of gestalt; – formation of initial data for planning the control actions necessary for closing the CPS IoT gestalt; - implementation of control actions to close the CPS IoT gestalt; - saving the gestalt processing scenario for possible reuse in the future. These stages of gestalt processing relate to IoT CPS of any nature and are focused on any tasks of the Internet of Things. The demo example shows the use of gestalt processing for CPS IoT with a simple model without training.Conclusion. The article discusses the cognitive approach that refers to the use and development of intelligent cyber physical systems for the Internet of things and the Internet of everything. A method related to the gestalt processing of CPS IoT situations is proposed, which allows recognizing a need, and forming of a gestalt. Based on the generated CPS IoT gestalt, control actions are planned to close the CPS IoT gestalt. The implementation of the proposed approach, development and use of gestalt concepts will allow to reflect CPS IoT with new emergent properties.

scholarly journals Multilevel Simulation Methodology for FMECA Study Applied to a Complex Cyber-Physical System

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1736
Author(s):  
Davide Piumatti ◽  
Jacopo Sini ◽  
Stefano Borlo ◽  
Matteo Sonza Reorda ◽  
Radu Bojoi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
Physical System ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Cyber Physical Systems ◽  
Cyber Physical System ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Failure Classification ◽  
High Level ◽  
Criticality Analysis

Complex systems are composed of numerous interconnected subsystems, each designed to perform specific functions. The different subsystems use many technological items that work together, as for the case of cyber-physical systems. Typically, a cyber-physical system is composed of different mechanical actuators driven by electrical power devices and monitored by sensors. Several approaches are available for designing and validating complex systems, and among them, behavioral-level modeling is becoming one of the most popular. When such cyber-physical systems are employed in mission- or safety-critical applications, it is mandatory to understand the impacts of faults on them and how failures in subsystems can propagate through the overall system. In this paper, we propose a methodology for supporting the failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis (FMECA) aimed at identifying the critical faults and assessing their effects on the overall system. The end goal is to analyze how a fault affecting a single subsystem possibly propagates through the whole cyber-physical system, considering also the embedded software and the mechanical elements. In particular, our approach allows the analysis of the propagation through the whole system (working at high level) of a fault injected at low level. This paper provides a solution to automate the FMECA process (until now mainly performed manually) for complex cyber-physical systems. It improves the failure classification effectiveness: considering our test case, it reduced the number of critical faults from 10 to 6. The remaining four faults are mitigated by the cyber-physical system architecture. The proposed approach has been tested on a real cyber-physical system in charge of driving a three-phase motor for industrial compressors, showing its feasibility and effectiveness.

scholarly journals Automation of the Process of Analysis of Security Threats in Cyber-Physical Systems

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-47
Author(s):  
Elena Basan ◽  
◽  
Anton Gritsynin ◽  
Maria Shulika ◽  
Vasily Kryuchkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Physical System ◽  
Cyber Physical Systems ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cyber Physical System ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Cyberphysical Systems ◽  
Functional Characteristics ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Ontological Approach

Purpose: development of a methodology for automating the process of analyzing security threats in cyberphysical systems, which is based on the study and analysis of the system architecture and possible risks of threat implementation, as well as the capabilities of the intruder. Method: the developed methodology is based on structuring information about the architectural features of cyberphysical systems. Structuring information and presenting it in the form of directories that are interconnected allows to determine the list of threats, vulnerabilities and attacks that are relevant to it based on structural and functional characteristics. When designing the database, an ontological approach was applied, which allows you to highlight concepts and their properties. Results: methodological recommendations for analyzing the security of cyber-physical systems have been developed, based on the study and assessment of vulnerabilities and security threats. The analysis of the structural and functional characteristics of the cyber-physical system is carried out and the main features from the point of view of information security are highlighted. Integration of new methods for assessing risks, identifying current threats, and developing effective recommendations for cyber-physical systems made it possible to create a knowledge base about threats, attacks, vulnerabilities of CPS. New threats to CPS have been identified, which are associated with their specific properties: mobility, use of wireless networks, location outside the controlled area. The result of the study is a product presented in the form of a knowledge base that allows you to determine the degree of threat of a threat for a given structural and functional characteristics of a cyber-physical system. Implemented automatic updating of information about vulnerabilities from open databases.

Real-time Attack-recovery for Cyber-physical Systems Using Linear-quadratic Regulator

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (5s) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Pengyuan Lu ◽  
Fanxin Kong ◽  
Xin Chen ◽  
Oleg Sokolsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Current System ◽  
Linear Quadratic Regulator ◽  
Cyber Physical Systems ◽  
System State ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Security Vulnerabilities ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Alternating Direction ◽  
Safety Constraints

The increasing autonomy and connectivity in cyber-physical systems (CPS) come with new security vulnerabilities that are easily exploitable by malicious attackers to spoof a system to perform dangerous actions. While the vast majority of existing works focus on attack prevention and detection, the key question is “what to do after detecting an attack?”. This problem attracts fairly rare attention though its significance is emphasized by the need to mitigate or even eliminate attack impacts on a system. In this article, we study this attack response problem and propose novel real-time recovery for securing CPS. First, this work’s core component is a recovery control calculator using a Linear-Quadratic Regulator (LQR) with timing and safety constraints. This component can smoothly steer back a physical system under control to a target state set before a safe deadline and maintain the system state in the set once it is driven to it. We further propose an Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) based algorithm that can fast solve the LQR-based recovery problem. Second, supporting components for the attack recovery computation include a checkpointer, a state reconstructor, and a deadline estimator. To realize these components respectively, we propose (i) a sliding-window-based checkpointing protocol that governs sufficient trustworthy data, (ii) a state reconstruction approach that uses the checkpointed data to estimate the current system state, and (iii) a reachability-based approach to conservatively estimate a safe deadline. Finally, we implement our approach and demonstrate its effectiveness in dealing with totally 15 experimental scenarios which are designed based on 5 CPS simulators and 3 types of sensor attacks.

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