scholarly journals Comparison of Wing, Ovipositor, and Cornus Morphologies between Sirex noctilio and Sirex nitobei Using Geometric Morphometrics

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Ming Wang ◽  
Lixiang Wang ◽  
Ningning Fu ◽  
Chenglong Gao ◽  
Tegen Ao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Canonical Variate ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Sirex Noctilio ◽  
Variate Analysis ◽  
Global Presence ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
Taxonomic Studies

Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) is an invasive woodwasp from Europe and North Africa. Globalization has led to an expanding global presence in pine forests. S. noctilio has been previously introduced outside of its native range and now co-occurs in trees with native S. nitobei Matsumura (first discovered in 2016). Damage to Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv in northeast China can be attributed to two types of woodwasp. To distinguish the two species by the traditional taxonomic morphology, we mainly differentiate the color of the male’s abdomen and the female’s leg. There remains intraspecific variation like leg color in the delimitation of related genera or sibling species of Sirex woodwasps. In this study, we used landmark-based geometric morphometrics including principal component analysis, canonical variate analysis, thin-plate splines, and cluster analysis to analyze and compare the wings, ovipositors, and cornus of two woodwasps to ascertain whether this approach is reliable for taxonomic studies of this group. The results showed significant differences in forewing venation and the shapes of pits in the middle of ovipositors among the two species, whereas little difference in hindwings and cornus was observed. This study assists in clarifying the taxonomic uncertainties of Siricidae and lays a foundation for further studies of the interspecific relationships of the genus Sirex.

scholarly journals Leaf geometric morphometrics among populations of Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (L.) Taub.

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Vieira de Morais ◽  
Lorena Andrade Nunes ◽  
Vandira Pereira da Mata ◽  
Maria Angélica Pereira de Carvalho Costa ◽  
Geni da Silva Sodré ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Canonical Variate ◽  
Validation Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Variate Analysis ◽  
Geographical Distances

Leaves are plant structures that express important traits of the environment where they live. Leaf description has allowed identification of plant species as well as investigation of abiotic factors effects on their development, such as gases, light, temperature, and herbivory. This study described populations of Dalbergia ecastaphyllum through leaf geometric morphometrics in Brazil. We evaluated 200 leaves from four populations. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first four principal components were responsible for 97.81% of variation. The non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance (NPMANOVA) indicated significant difference between samples (p = 0.0001). The Mentel test showed no correlation between geographical distances and shape. The canonical variate analysis (CVA) indicated that the first two variables were responsible for 96.77 % of total variation, while the cross-validation test showed an average of 83.33%. D. ecastaphyllum leaves are elliptical and ovate.

scholarly journals Differentiation of Five Species of Megachile (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), based on Wing Shape

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahram Falamarzi ◽  
Behzad Habibpour ◽  
Mohammad S. Mossadegh ◽  
Alireza Monfared
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Wing Shape ◽  
Canonical Variate ◽  
Effective Technique ◽  
Validation Test ◽  
Variate Analysis ◽  
Clear Differentiation ◽  
Respective Species

Abstract In the present work we used landmark-based geometric morphometrics to compare the wing shapes of five species of Megachile (belonging to three subgenera) to confirm whether this technique may be used reliably for differentiation of this group. Analyses of wing shape by the use of principal component analysis (PCA), and canonical variate analysis (CVA) led to a clear differentiation among species. We found a close phenotypic similarity in wing shape between M. albisecta (belonging to the subgenus Creightonella) and M. picicornis (belonging to the subgenus Eutricharaea). According to the results of UPGMA, a higher degree of divergence between M. farinosa (belonging to the subgenus Pseudomegachile) and species belonging to other subgenera, was detected. The results of a cross-validation test indicated that geometric morphometrics is an effective technique to use for distinguishing between Megachile species. The reliability rate of this technique was between 85.71-100%. Using only two submarginal cell landmarks for generating shape variables, the cross-validation test correctly assigned individuals to their respective species, with a 92.85-100% reliability rate. Significant differences in wing size were obtained among the analysed species.

scholarly journals Studying the Shape Variations of the Back, the Neck, and the Mandibular Angle of Horses Depending on Specific Feeding Postures Using Geometric Morphometrics

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 763
Author(s):  
Federica Raspa ◽  
Angela Roggero ◽  
Claudia Palestrini ◽  
Martina Marten Canavesio ◽  
Domenico Bergero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Canonical Variate ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Mandibular Angle ◽  
Variate Analysis ◽  
The Right

The effects of specific feeding positions upon the horse’s shape variations of the back and neck postures as well as the variations of the mandibular angle have never been objectively studied. For this reason, geometric morphometrics was applied. Six horses, aged 14 ± 8 years (mean ± standard deviation, SD), were video-recorded while using three different feeding positions: on the ground—control position (CP); neck held 15 ± 3° below withers height with low hay net position (LP); neck held 15 ± 3° above withers height with high hay net position (HP). Data were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA), multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and partial least squares (PLS). A mixed model procedure was applied to evaluate differences in the magnitude of the mandibular angle. Whilst differences between individual horses were confirmed by canonical variate analysis (CVA), PCA analysis showed that a characteristic feeding position could also be identified on a group level. During the HP hay net position, the back and neck postures as well the mandibular angle were different compared to those exhibited by horses feeding from CP. In LP hay net position, the back posture more closely resembled those exhibited while feeding from CP; however, no similarity between LP and CP was found for neck posture and mandibular angle. Since only a few degrees of variation of the feeding position can influence back and neck postures, this aspect should be further investigated. The right compromise between horse welfare, horse safety, and management practices need to be further explored and long-term effects should be investigated.

scholarly journals Morphological Discrimination of Greek Honey Bee Populations Based on Geometric Morphometrics Analysis of Wing Shape

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonidas Charistos ◽  
Fani Hatjina ◽  
Maria Bouga ◽  
Mica Mladenovic ◽  
Anastasios D. Maistros
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Canonical Variate Analysis ◽  
Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Canonical Variate ◽  
Wing Vein ◽  
Variate Analysis

Abstract Honey bees collected from 32 different localities in Greece were studied based on the geometric morphometrics approach using the coordinates of 19 landmarks located at wing vein intersections. Procrustes analysis, principal component analysis, and Canonical variate analysis (CVA) detected population variability among the studied samples. According to the Principal component analysis (PCA ) of pooled data from each locality, the most differentiated populations were the populations from the Aegean island localities Astypalaia, Chios, and Kythira. However, the populations with the most distant according to the canonical variate analysis performed on all measurements were the populations from Heraklion and Chania (both from Crete island). These results can be used as a starting point for the use of geometric morphometrics in the discrimination of honey bee populations in Greece and the establishment of conservation areas for local honey bee populations.

scholarly journals Ιχνηλασιμότητα πληθυσμών ιριδίζουσας πέστροφας Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) στην Ελλάδα

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Πέτρος Μαρτσικάλης
Keyword(s):  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Canonical Variate ◽  
Rp Hplc ◽  
Variate Analysis ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Για την επίτευξη της ιχνηλασιμότητας των πληθυσμών ιριδίζουσας πέστροφας Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) στην Ελλάδα υιοθετήθηκε μια διαθεματική προσέγγιση, η οποία ως αλληλένδετους πυλώνες της περιελάμβανε α) την πληθυσμιακή γενετική μελέτη στο μιτοχονδριακό DNA των ιχθύων, β) την ταυτοποίηση και ποσοτικοποίηση των ελεύθερων αμινοξέων στο μυϊκό ιστό των ιχθύων και γ) τη γεωμετρική μορφομετρία του σώματος των ιχθύων, εκφράζοντας ένα αντιπροσωπευτικό δείγμα των εντατικών εκτροφών της ελληνικής επικράτειας. Η ιριδίζουσα πέστροφα αποτελεί μη γηγενές είδος των ευρωπαϊκών εσωτερικών υδάτων. Εξαιτίας όμως του γεγονότος ότι παρουσιάζει αξιοσημείωτα πλεονεκτήματα, όπως είναι η ταχεία αύξηση και η προσαρμοστικότητά της σε ποικίλα ενδιαιτήματα υπό διαφορετικές συνθήκες, εξελίχθηκε σε κυρίαρχο εντατικά εκτρεφόμενο είδος στα εσωτερικά ύδατα της Ελλάδας. Παρά τη σημαντική οικονομική σημασία της, υφίσταται παντελής έλλειψη πληθυσμιακών γενετικών μελετών αναφορικά με την προέλευση των αθρόων εισαγωγών γόνου που έλαβαν χώρα τις προηγούμενες δεκαετίες στον κλάδο της ελληνικής πεστροφοκαλλιέργειας. Για τη διενέργεια της πληθυσμιακής γενετικής μελέτης πραγματοποιήθηκε πέψη τμημάτων του μιτοχονδριακού DNA (mtDNA) που ενισχύθηκαν με την αλυσιδωτή αντίδραση πολυμεράσης (Polymerase Chain Reaction-PCR) με τη χρήση περιοριστικών ενζύμων (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism-RFLP). Τα τμήματα-στόχοι του mtDNA που πολλαπλασιάστηκαν με την τεχνική της PCR ήταν ολόκληρη η περιοχή του βρόχου εκτόπισης, τα tRNA γονίδια της προλίνης και της θρεονίνης, το κυτόχρωμα β, τα γονίδια ND-5 και ND-6 και τμήμα των γονιδίων ATPάση VI και κυτόχρωμα c οξειδάσης 3 (COIII) περιλαμβάνοντας περισσότερα από 5.500 ζεύγη βάσεων DNA από τα περίπου 16.600 ζεύγη βάσεων που απαρτίζουν το συνολικό mtDNA της ιριδίζουσας πέστροφας. Η ανάλυση της πληθυσμιακής δομής αποκάλυψε ότι οι απλότυποι διακρίνονται σε δύο κεντρικούς κλάδους. Η συνύπαρξη απλότυπων και από τους δύο κλάδους σε όλους τους πληθυσμούς ενδέχεται να υποδηλώνει την ύπαρξη κοινής γονιδιακής δεξαμενής. Επίσης, η συνολική γενετική ποικιλότητα οφειλόταν σε σημαντικό βαθμό στην ύπαρξη ποικιλότητας ενδοπληθυσμιακά παρά στην ύπαρξη ποικιλότητας ανάμεσα στους πληθυσμούς. Το ποσοστό γενετικής ποικιλότητας ανάμεσα στους πληθυσμούς σε σύγκριση με τη συνολική παρατηρούμενη ποικιλότητα αντανακλά την πανμιξία δύο αρχικών πληθυσμών (γενεών), υπογραμμίζοντας την ύπαρξη μια κοινής δεξαμενής γονιδίων σε όλες τις εντατικές εκτροφές ιριδίζουσας πέστροφας στην Ελλάδα. Αυτό το γεγονός ενισχύεται και από το δίκτυο απλότυπων που δημιουργήθηκε και αποκάλυψε την ύπαρξη δύο αρχικών κλάδων σε όλο το φάσμα των εντατικών εκτροφών. Παράλληλα, η ταυτοποίηση και ποσοτικοποίηση των ελεύθερων αμινοξέων στο μυϊκό ιστό των ιχθύων διενεργήθηκε με τη χρήση Αντίστροφης Φάσης - Υγρής Χρωματογραφίας Υψηλής Απόδοσης (Reversed Phase – High Performance Liquid Chromatography, RP-HPLC). Τα εξεταζόμενα δείγματα παρουσίασαν διαφορετικά προφίλ ελεύθερων αμινοξέων ανάλογα με τη γεωγραφική τους προέλευση. Η Ανάλυση Κύριων Συνιστωσών (Principal Component Analysis – PCA) αποκάλυψε τον σαφή διαχωρισμό των πληθυσμών μεταξύ ανατολικής και δυτικής Ελλάδας, ο οποίος ενδέχεται να οφείλεται στην ύπαρξη διακυμάνσεων στις κλιματικές συνθήκες που επικρατούν και επηρεάζουν καταλυτικά τους αβιοτικούς παράγοντες κάθε εντατικής εκτροφής. Η γεωμετρική μορφομετρία του σώματος των ιχθύων κατέδειξε την ύπαρξη σημαντικών διαφορών μεταξύ των πληθυσμών διαφορετικής προέλευσης. Η Ανάλυση Κανονικών Μεταβλητών (Canonical Variate Analysis – CVA) διέκρινε τους πληθυσμούς σε δύο ομάδες παρουσιάζοντας σε πολύ μεγάλο βαθμό ομοιότητες με τη διενεργηθείσα πληθυσμιακή γενετική μελέτη. Η διεξαγωγή των Γενικών Γραμμικών Μοντέλων (General Linear Models – GLM) δεν επέδειξε συσχέτιση των απλότυπων και της διατροφής με το σχήμα του σώματος των ιχθύων. Εντούτοις, το σχήμα του σώματος των ιχθύων παρουσίασε σημαντική συσχέτιση με τη γεωγραφική προέλευση, τη θερμοκρασία νερού, τις γεωλογικο-χημικο-κλιματικές ζώνες, την ιστιδίνη και την αργινίνη. Επομένως, η παρατηρούμενη μορφολογική διαφοροποίηση δύναται να οφείλεται στις διαφορές των αβιοτικών παραγόντων που υφίστανται μεταξύ αυτών των ζωνών όντας το αποτέλεσμα του φαινομένου της φαινοτυπικής πλαστικότητας.Συμπερασματικά, οι αβιοτικοί παράγοντες και οι συνθήκες εκτροφής διαδραματίζουν τον κυρίαρχο ρόλο σε σύγκριση με την προέλευση του γόνου. Η παρούσα διαθεματική προσέγγιση αποτελεί ένα πολύτιμο και χρήσιμο εργαλείο στην αποτελεσματική ιχνηλασιμότητα των εντατικά εκτρεφόμενων πληθυσμών ιριδίζουσας πέστροφας, έχοντας καθοριστική συνεισφορά και προάγοντας την έρευνα σε τομείς, όπως η περιβαλλοντική ανάλυση κινδύνων για την αξιολόγηση ενδεχόμενων οικολογικών επιπτώσεων που στοχεύουν στην επίτευξη της αειφορικής διαχείρισης των ιχθυοκαλλιεργειών.

scholarly journals Assessment of Shape Variation Patterns in Triatoma infestans (Klug 1834) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae): A First Report in Populations from Bolivia

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 274
Author(s):  
Carolina Vilaseca ◽  
Marco A. Méndez ◽  
Carlos F. Pinto ◽  
Hugo A. Benítez
Keyword(s):  
Permutation Test ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Triatoma Infestans ◽  
Canonical Variate ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Variation Patterns ◽  
Variate Analysis

The morphological variations of four populations of geographically isolated Triatoma infestans located in the area of inter-Andean valleys and Chaco of Chuquisaca, Bolivia, were evaluated. Fifty-three females and sixty-one males were collected in the peri-domicile and analyzed with geometric morphometrics tools to study the patterns of the head and wing shape variation. The principal component analysis and canonical variate analysis revealed morphological variations between the populations studied, which were then confirmed by the permutation test of the differences between populations using Mahalanobis and Procustes distances. The multivariate regression analysis shows that the centroid size influences the shape of the heads and wings. T. infestans of the inter-Andean valleys are longer in the head and wings compared to the population of the Chaco. We propose that the geometric shape variation may be explained by geographical changes in climatic conditions, peri-domiciliar habitats, food source quality, and the use of insecticides.

Geometric morphometrics of corolla shape in Campanula (Campanulaceae) from Cabo Verde archipelago

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu L Gardere ◽  
Jean-Yves Dubuisson ◽  
Serge Muller ◽  
Yoland Savriama
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Canonical Variate ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Cabo Verde ◽  
Variate Analysis ◽  
Corolla Morphology

Abstract In the Cabo Verde archipelago, Campanula spp. (bellflowers) are currently represented by four endemic species restricted to mountainous islands (C. bravensis, C. feijoana, C. hortelensis and C. jacobaea), all of which are known for high floral polymorphism. Diagnostic features of the corolla often differ from original descriptions, bringing into question their taxonomic delimitation. Based on the variations in the corolla shape observed during fieldwork, eight morphogeographical entities were distinguished among the taxa in the archipelago. Geometric morphometrics was used to quantify and examine these floral variations. Corolla morphology of 221 photographed flowers was captured by 2D landmarks and semi-landmarks configurations and analysed with canonical variate analysis. The results show agreement between morphological groupings and their geographical ranges. For most entities, the geographical origin may be determined with accurate morphological examination of the flower. In this case, the corolla shape proves to be a taxonomically discriminant trait. Furthermore, the terminology used until now to characterize these different floral forms is discussed. The present study contributes significantly to clarifying the floral polymorphism in Cabo Verdean Campanula and suggests that taxonomic revision of this group is necessary.

scholarly journals Giant ants and their shape: revealing relationships in the genusTitanomyrmawith geometric morphometrics

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Katzke ◽  
Phillip Barden ◽  
Manuel Dehon ◽  
Denis Michez ◽  
Torsten Wappler
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Canonical Variate ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Deep Time ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Female Relative

Shape is a natural phenomenon inherent to many different lifeforms. A modern technique to analyse shape is geometric morphometrics (GM), which offers a whole range of methods concerning the pure shape of an object. The results from these methods have provided new insights into biological problems and have become especially useful in the fields of entomology and palaeontology. Despite the conspicuous successes in other hymenopteran groups, GM analysis of wings and fossil wings of Formicidae has been neglected. Here we tested if landmarks defining the wing shape of fossil ants that belong to the genusTitanomyrmaare reliable and if this technique is able to expose relationships among different groups of the largest Hymenoptera that ever lived. This study comprises 402 wings from 362 ants that were analysed and assigned with the GM methods linear discriminant function analysis, principal component analysis, canonical variate analysis, and regression. The giant ant genusTitanomyrmaand the parataxonFormiciumhave different representatives that are all very similar but these modern methods were able to distinguish giant ant types even to the level of the sex. Thirty-five giant ant specimens from the Eckfeld Maar were significantly differentiable from a collection of Messel specimens that consisted of 187Titanomyrma giganteafemales and 42T. giganteamales, and from 74Titanomyrma simillimafemales and 21T. simillimamales. Out of the 324 Messel ants, 127 are newly assigned to a species and 223 giant ants are newly assigned to sex with GM analysis. All specimens from Messel fit to the two species. Moreover, shape affinities of these groups and the speciesFormicium brodiei,Formicium mirabile, andFormicium berryi, which are known only from wings, were investigated.T. giganteastands out with a possible female relative in one of the Eckfeld specimens whereas the other groups show similar shape patterns that are possibly plesiomorphic. Formicidae are one of the most dominant taxa in the animal kingdom and new methods can aid in investigating their diversity in the present and in deep time. GM of the ant wing delivers significant results and this core of methods is able to enhance the toolset we have now to analyse the complex biology of the ants. It can prove as especially useful in the future when incorporated into better understanding aspects of evolutionary patterns and ant palaeontology.

Biosystematics of the Cotesia flavipes species complex (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): morphometrics of selected allopatric populations

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan W. Kimani-Njogu ◽  
William A. Overholt ◽  
James Woolley ◽  
Annette Walker
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Cotesia Flavipes ◽  
Canonical Variate Analysis ◽  
Canonical Variate ◽  
Allopatric Populations ◽  
Putative Species ◽  
Variate Analysis ◽  
China And Japan

AbstractMorphometric studies of allopatric populations of the Cotesia flavipes species complex representing three putative species; C. flavipes Cameron, C. sesamiae (Cameron) and C. chilonis (Matsumura), were conducted. Sixteen characters were measured. Principal component analysis separated the complex into three somewhat overlapping groups that corresponded well with previous concepts of the species. Canonical variate analysis separated the complex into three distinct clusters with populations from Africa together, populations from Asia and the Neotropics forming a second cluster, and material from China and Japan forming a third cluster. The Mahalanobis squared distances between the three clusters were nearly equal. Results support recognition of three species in the C. flavipes complex.

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