scholarly journals Consuming Parasitized Aphids Alters the Life History and Decreases Predation Rate of Aphid Predator

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 889
Author(s):  
Jian-Feng Liu ◽  
Xiu-Qin Wang ◽  
Jacqueline R. Beggs ◽  
Hou-Ding Ou ◽  
Xiao-Fei Yu ◽  
...  

Intraguild predation interactions have substantial theoretical and practical implications for the dynamics of natural competitor populations used for biological control. Intraguild predation on parasitized aphids not only has a direct, negative effect on the parasitoid species, but it may indirectly influence the predator’s development, survival, reproduction and predation rates. In this study, we used two-sex life table theory, life table parameters and predation rates of Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) to compare when its populations fed on aphids (Myzus persicae Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) that were either unparasitized or parasitized by Aphidius gifuensis (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Our results showed that individuals of A. aphidimyza were capable of completing their development and attaining maturity when they fed on parasitized aphids. Although feeding on parasitized aphids did not influence the survival rates of immature A. aphidimyza, it did significantly slow their development and extended their longevity, thereby reducing the fecundity and predation rates of A. aphidimyza. These findings may be pivotal for better understanding the sustained coexistence of predators with parasitoids in the biological control of aphids.

2017 ◽  
Vol 149 (5) ◽  
pp. 581-591
Author(s):  
Mona Moghadasi ◽  
Hossein Allahyari

AbstractIntraguild predation is a notable factor to proper application of biocontrol agents to reduce pest populations. Intraguild predation was studied between Typhlodromus bagdasarjani Wainstein and Arutunjan (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in presence and absence of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) as well as pollen. Intraguild predation between two predators was bidirectional. The highest and the lowest predation rates of both predators in absence and presence of T. urticae as well as in the pollen treatments were on heterospecific eggs and deutonymphs, respectively. Typhlodromus bagdasarjani consumed more heterospecific eggs compared with P. persimilis. When pollen was added, predation of T. bagdasarjani significantly reduced on heterospecific eggs and deutonymphs in absence and presence of T. urticae treatments, respectively. However, predation rate of P. persimilis on heterospecific stages was not significantly affected by pollen addition. Oviposition of both predators was higher in presence of T. urticae than in its absence and oviposition of P. persimilis was significantly higher on heterospecific stages than T. bagdasarjani. Pollen addition had a significant effect on increasing the oviposition rate of T. bagdasarjani. Extraguild prey presence had a nonsignificant effect on the consumption rate of intraguild prey by the intraguild predators. However, presence of extraguild prey led to a significant increase in oviposition rate of both predators.


The Condor ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 496-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Matthew Vander Haegen ◽  
Michael A. Schroeder ◽  
Richard M. DeGraaf

Abstract Clearing of shrubsteppe communities for agriculture has created a highly fragmented landscape in eastern Washington, a condition that has been shown to adversely affect nesting success of birds in some forest and grassland communities. We used artificial nests monitored by cameras to examine relative effects of fragmentation, distance to edge, and vegetation cover on nest predation rates and to identify predators of shrubsteppe-nesting passerines and grouse. Predation rate for artificial nests was 26% (n = 118). Fragmentation had a strong influence on predation rates for artificial nests, with nests in fragmented landscapes about 9 times more likely to be depredated as those in continuous landscapes. Daily survival rate (± SE) for 207 real nests of 4 passerine species also was greater in continuous (0.978 ± 0.004) than in fragmented (0.962 ± 0.006) landscapes, although pattern of predation between real and artificial nests was not consistent among sites. Artificial nests were depredated by Common Ravens (Corvus corax), Black-billed Magpies (Pica hudsonia), Sage Thrashers (Oreoscoptes montanus), least chipmunks (Tamias minimus), and mice. Most nests in fragments were depredated by corvids (58%), whereas only Sage Thrashers and small mammals depredated nests in continuous landscapes. Increased predation by corvids and lower nest success in fragmented landscapes may have played a part in recent declines of some shrubsteppe birds. Future research should measure annual reproductive success of individual females and survival rates of juveniles and adults. Depredación de Nidos Naturales y Artificiales en Paisajes de Estepa Arbustiva Fragmentados por Agricultura Resumen. El reemplazo de estepa arbustiva por campos de cultivo ha creado un paisaje altamente fragmentado en el este de Washington, afectando adversamente el éxito de nidificación de aves en algunas comunidades de bosque y pastizal. Usamos nidos artificiales monitoreados por cámaras para examinar los efectos relativos de la fragmentación, la distancia al borde y la cobertura de la vegetación sobre las tasas de depredación de nidos, y para identificar los depredadores de paserinos y gallinas silvestres (Phasianidae) que nidifican en la estepa arbustiva. La tasa de depredación de los nidos artificiales fue del 26% (n = 118). La fragmentación tuvo una fuerte influencia en las tasas de depredación de nidos artificiales, ya que los nidos en paisajes fragmentados tuvieron una probabilidad de ser depredados 9 veces mayor que aquellos en paisajes continuos. La tasa de supervivencia diaria (± EE) de 207 nidos naturales pertenecientes a 4 especies de paserinos también fue mayor en paisajes continuos (0.978 ± 0.004) que fragmentados (0.962 ± 0.006), aunque el patrón de depredación entre nidos naturales y artificiales no fue consistente entre sitios. Los nidos artificiales fueron depredados por Corvus corax, Pica hudsonia, Oreoscoptes montanus, Tamias minimus y ratones. La mayoría de los nidos en fragmentos fueron depredados por C. corax (58%), mientras que sólo O. montanus y pequeños mamíferos depredaron nidos en paisajes continuos. Un incremento en la depredación por parte de C. corax y un menor éxito de los nidos en paisajes fragmentados puede haber jugado un rol en la disminución de algunas aves de la estepa arbustiva. Futuras investigaciones deberían medir el éxito reproductivo anual de hembras individuales y las tasas de supervivencia de juveniles y adultos.


2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahar Saemi ◽  
Hasan Rahmani ◽  
Aurang Kavosi ◽  
Hsin Chi

To better understand the effect of individual- and group-rearing conditions on predator performance, we studied the life table and predation rate of the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, after the mites had been individually- or group-reared on two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae, eggs at 25±1°C, 65±5% RH and a photoperiod of 16: 8 (L:D) h. The net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), net predation rate (C0), finite predation rate (ω) in the individually-reared predators were 40.61 offspring, 0.2594 d-1, 437.3 T. urticae eggs, and 4.8668 preys/d, respectively. Similar values were obtained when the predators were reared in groups (R0 = 43.10 offspring, r = 0.2837 d-1, C0 = 420.9 T. urticae eggs, and ω = 5.9054 preys/d). Mean adult longevities were 28.42 and 25.29 d for group-reared male and female predators, respectively; these values were significantly shorter than those of individual-reared mites (49.87 d for male and 36 d for female). Our results showed that P. persimilis mites could be group-reared in biological control programs without negative effect on their growth and predation potential. 


2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melina Soledad Simoncini ◽  
María Virginia Parachú Marcó ◽  
Thiago Costa Gonçalves Portelinha ◽  
Carlos Ignacio Piña

Predation is a major cause of crocodilian egg loss. However, at present, the mechanisms by which predators detect nests is unknown. Previous studies have reported that predators are able to detect prey using both visual and olfactory cues. This study aims to determine the natural predation rate on Broad-snouted Caiman (Caiman latirostris) nests in a “normal” year (i.e., no extreme climatic events) and whether olfactory or visual cues attract predators to caiman nests, and to evaluate the effect of maternal presence on nest predation. In December 2010, we searched for nests in the north of Santa Fe Province, Argentina. Each nest was assigned to one of the following treatments: (1) control nests (nests were observed from a distance to avoid disturbance), (2) visual attraction nests (yellow flagging tapes were tied to vegetation around the nest), (3) olfactory attraction nests (nests were opened, one egg from the clutch was broken, and then the nests were covered again), (4) olfactory attraction from human disturbance (material was manipulated by researchers). The natural predation rate on broad-snouted caiman nests was found to be 21% during the nesting season. Both olfactory and visual cues were associated with increased predation rates, and human disturbance was strongly associated with increased nest predation at terrestrial sites. Predation rates were less at nests attended by female caiman. Management programs that harvest eggs in wild populations (ranching) are predicated on the assumption that removal of some eggs is sustainable, because some will be lost to natural causes (e.g., predation and flooding) and the remaining hatchlings will have improved survival rates. To reduce nest predation of Broad-snouted Caiman between the time when the nest is found and when the eggs are collected, we propose to avoid identification of nest sites with highly visible markings (e.g., flagging tapes tied to vegetation around nests) and to collect eggs immediately after they are found


Author(s):  
Kim Jensen ◽  
Søren Toft ◽  
Jesper G. Sørensen ◽  
Martin Holmstrup

Abstract The quality of biological control agents used in augmentative releases may be affected by rearing conditions due to inbreeding or laboratory adaptation, or to phenotypic effects of the rearing environment. We hypothesized that individuals from a wild population would be in better body condition and kill more prey than individuals from a commercially produced population. We caught wild Orius majusculus (Reuter) in a maize field and compared their initial body mass, survival, and prey reduction capacity to commercially produced O. majusculus. Predation capacity and survival were compared in short-term Petri dish tests with Frankliniella tenuicornis (Uzel) thrips, Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) moth eggs, or Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) aphids as prey, and in longer-term outdoor mesocosms containing live seedling wheat grass with thrips or aphids as prey. Wild-caught O. majusculus were typically heavier and overall had higher survival during tests than commercially produced O. majusculus. Females were heavier than males and typically killed more prey. However, we found no difference between wild-caught and commercially produced individuals on prey reduction, neither in Petri dishes nor in mesocosms. Our study suggests that commercially produced O. majusculus have lower body condition than wild O. majusculus due to their lower body mass and survival, but that this does not have any negative effect on the number of pest prey killed over the timelines and conditions of our tests. Commercially produced O. majusculus thus did not have a lower impact on pest prey numbers than wild-caught individuals and therefore had similar biological control value under our study conditions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Caudera ◽  
Simona Viale ◽  
Sandro Bertolino ◽  
Jacopo Cerri ◽  
Ezio Venturino

AbstractIn this work a mathematical model is built in order to validate on theoretical grounds field study results on a three-species system made of two prey, of which one is native and another one invasive, together with a native predator. Specifically, our results mathematically describe the negative effect on the native European hare after the introduction of the invasive Eastern cottontail, mediated by an increased predation rate by foxes. Two nonexclusive assumptions can be made: an increase in cottontail abundance would lead to a larger fox population, magnifying their predatory impact (“hyperpredation”) on hares; alternatively, cottontails attract foxes in patches where they live, which are also important resting sites for hares and consequently the increased presence of foxes results in a higher predation rates on hares. The model results support hyperpredation of increasing fox populations on native hares.


Author(s):  
Patricia Daniela da Silva Pires ◽  
Josué Sant’ Ana ◽  
Luiza Rodrigues Redaelli

Abstract Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a major barrier to fruit production and exportation. In Brazil, the native parasitoid Aganaspis pelleranoi (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) and the exotic parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) stand out as biological control agents. Knowledge of the factors that affect interactions among parasitoids, A. fraterculus, and host fruits may enhance the use of these agents in biological control programmes. This study evaluated the chemotaxis and parasitism of A. pelleranoi and D. longicaudata females reared on A. fraterculus larvae and kept on an artificial diet, red guava (Psidium guajava) or apple (Malus domestica). Females of both parasitoid species that emerged from larvae raised on artificial diet, guava or apple, were tested to Y olfactometer choice tests. In the parasitism tests, both parasitoid species were made to choose between A. fraterculus larvae brushed with water, apple pulp or guava pulp. D. longicaudata females from artificial diet (control) did not distinguish between fruit odours; however, females of D. longicaudata from larvae kept in apple or guava directed to the odours of their original fruit. The greatest parasitism for D. longicaudata occurred in the units that contained the pulp in which the larvae grew. A. pelleranoi from artificial diet preferred guava odours, including the females kept in apple. Similar results were observed in the parasitism bioassays. Our results found that A. fraterculus larval feeding influenced search behaviour and parasitism of D. longicaudata, whereas A. pelleranoi rearing experience did not affect its host choices.


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