EVALUACIÓN DE ESPECIES DE MOSCAS DE LA FRUTA Y SUS HOSPEDEROS EN LA ZONA DE SATIPO

Las plantas hospederas de mosca de la fruta fueron evaluados de los fundos de la zona de Satipo, en campo y laboratorio. Los resultados muestran que los cítricos están infestadas por Anastrepha fraterculus; mientras que los frutales nativos con otras especies de Anastrepha, como son A. striata, A. leptozona, y A. distincta. Se ha encontrado un díptero amarillo en el caimito que no pertenece a los tephritidae. Se tiene 19 frutales distintos hospederas, siendo los cítricos C. reticulata x C. aurantifolia, Citrus limettioides, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus reticulata, Citrus reshni, Citrus sinensis, C. reticulata x C. sinensis, C. reticulata x C. paradisi; y los frutales nativos y exóticos, Chrysophillum caimito, Averrhoa carambola, Spondias sp., Psidium guajaba, Manguifera indica, Inga edulis Mart, Anacardiaceae y Matisia cordata. El uvo de monte, guayaba y caimito sufren un daño de entre 83 Y 100%. El zapote y pacae muestran daños de entre 66 a 53%. El mango y carambola muestran daños de 31 a 26%. En los cítricos, la naranja Washington muestra los niveles más altos de infestación con 45%,; las mandarinas entre 27 y 32%, las naranjas entre 14 y 22%, los híbridos entre 20 y 22%, los portainjertos entre 26 y 27%. Las pérdidas económicas provinciales del 14% por moscas de la fruta sólo en naranja Valencia se estima en U.S.$ 2,025,000,00. Palabras clave: Anastrepha, fraterculus, striata, cítricos, Satipo,

Biological activity of entomopathogenic nematodes on Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) is one of the main pests of fruit farming, and entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) represent an important control tool of this species. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the biological activity of different isolate against A. fraterculus larvae and adults. Bioassays were performed using a suspension of three isolates of Heterorhabditis amazonensis IBCB 24, Steinernema carpocapsae IBCB 02 and Steinernema feltiae IBCB 47 at six concentrations (control - without nematodes), 50, 150, 300, 500, 1000 and 1500 infective juveniles (IJs)/mL of water per 3º instar larvae. It was verified the susceptibility of larvae of A. fraterculus to isolates of EPNs and a significant increase of the pupal mortality in the function of the concentration of IJs inoculated by larva (above 75%). After the dissection of pupae and adults of A. fraterculus from infected larvae, the concentration of 1500 IJs/mL of EPNs provided the highest rate of multiplication of IJs by insect, equating to maximum concentration tested 1500 IJs/mL. Adults of A. fraterculus from larvae infected with EPNs longevity of five days, being less than adults from uninfected larvae by IJs (135 days). H. amazonensis IBCB 24, S. carpocapsae IBCB 02, and S. feltiae IBCB 47 proved to be promising as agents of biological control of A. fraterculus.

Dinámica del género Anastrepha, en el cultivo de guayaba (Pisum guajava), en la parroquia Guasaganda Ecuador

La presente investigación se realizó en el Cantón La Maná, Parroquia Guasaganda, recinto La Playa con el objeto del estudio de la dinámica poblacional de la mosca de la fruta en el cultivo de guayaba (Psidium guajava L.), para el ensayo se colectaron las muestras utilizando trampas caseras tipo Harris con un atrayente (5ml de melaza, 5mg de bórax, 10mg de sulfato de amonio), que fue colocado en el hospedero, para determinar su capacidad hospedante sobre los individuos del género Anastrepha sp. Los frutos infestados se los llevó a laboratorio para realizar una cría, donde se utilizó turba y una dieta para adultos del género Anastrepha compuesta de agua y miel al 50%. Como resultado se obtuvo 396 individuos correspondientes a Anastrepha striata, Anastrepha fraterculus, Anastrepha pickeli, con un índice de captura de 2.87 MTD (moscas/trampa/día), ­­con una capacidad hospedante de 5 a 7 larvas por fruto. De las diferentes colectas de los frutos se observó una infestación del 81 al 95%. En la cría de las moscas de la fruta a partir de frutos infestados, en laboratorio se observó una emergencia del 65 a 85% de moscas con un total 1200 individuos que corresponden a especies: Anastrepha striata y Anastrepha fraterculus.

FRUGIVOROUS FLIES (Diptera: Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae) INTERACTIONS WITH PARASITOIDS AND NEW HOSTS

Fruits of two cultivars of guava, Psidium guajava L., (‘Tailandesa’ and ‘Kumagai’) and garlic passion fruit, Passiflora tenuifila Killip were collected to evaluate the infestation and co-infestation of frugivorous flies and the associated parasitoids and new hosts. Five species of Tephritoidea were recovered in Tailandesa guavas, three species in Kumagai guavas and three species in garlic passion fruit. This is the first report of a frugivorous fly infesting P. tenuifila. Individualization of the fruit samples was used to determine the co-infestation between Anastrepha spp., Ceratitis capitata and Neosilba spp. in each fruit. There was a fly/parasitoid association for Doryctobracon areolatus and Lopheucoila anastrephae with Anastrepha fraterculus in guavas. Infestation indices and emergence rate demonstrated that Tailandesa and Kumagai guavas are hosts capable of withstanding an infestation index ≥ 50 pupae/fruit and have an emergence rate ≥ 75%. The ability of some hosts to maintain and sustain the population of frugivorous flies at high levels may interfere with pest management.

Adulticidal Activity of Coffee Essential Oils against Two Fruit Fly Species (Tephritidae) under Laboratory Conditions

The aim of this study was to evaluate the adulticidal effects of green coffee oil (GCO) and roasted coffee oil (RCO) on two species of fruit flies (Tephritidae) include Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann). Adult flies of both species were exposed to GCO and RCO at 2%, 3%, and 4% dilutions in water under Potter spray tower. In general, exposure to GCO and RCO at the three dilutions resulted in higher numbers of dead adults of both species compared to the control populations. The mortalities increased substantially between 60–90 minutes after initial exposure. The 2% GCO dilution reached a maximum of 77.0% corrected mortality of A. fraterculus at 360 minutes. In general, the toxic effect of coffee oils occurred more rapidly in C. capitata than in A. fraterculus. GCO (2% and 3%) and RCO (2%) showed promising results for fruit fly management.

Improvement of the Mass-Rearing Protocols for the South American Fruit Fly for Application of the Sterile Insect Technique

The existing rearing protocols for Anastrepha fraterculus must be reviewed to make economically viable the production of sterile flies for their area-wide application. Additionally, evidence of sexual incompatibility between a long-term mass-reared Brazilian strain and wild populations has been found. To address these issues, this study aimed to refine rearing protocols and to assess the suitability of an A. fraterculus strain for the mass production of sterile flies. A series of bioassays were carried out to evaluate incubation times for eggs in a bubbling bath and to assess the temporal variation of egg production from ovipositing cages at different adult densities. A novel larval diet containing carrageenan was also evaluated. Egg incubation times higher than 48 h in water at 25 °C showed reduced larval and pupal yields. Based on egg production and hatchability, the density of 0.3 flies/cm2 can be recommended for adult cages. The diet with carrageenan was suitable for mass production at egg-seeding densities between 1.0 and 1.5 mL of eggs/kg of diet, providing higher insect yields than a corn-based diet from Embrapa. Even after two years of being reared under the new rearing protocols, no sexual isolation was found between the bisexual strain and wild flies.

Diferencias en las propiedades ópticas de pupas de machos y hembras de Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Una alternativa al uso de inseticidas sintéticos en el control de especies importantes de moscas de la fruta (Tephritidae) es la técnica del insecto estéril (TIE). La TIE se basa en liberaciones masivas de machos estériles (sometidos a radiación) para controlar una población de plagas. Para especies de importancia como Rhagoletis pomonella, Bractocera oleae y Anastrepha fraterculus, es un desafio diferenciar los machos de las hembras en el estadio pupal. Aunque para algunas especies se liberan hembras estériles en campo, esto no es deseable en Anastrepha spp., ya que puede ocasionar daño por punción. Por lo tanto, hemos investigado imágenes hiperespectrales y RGB para classificar el sexo en pupas de A. fraterculus. Nuestro objetivo fue discriminar, a través de la descripción de espectros RGB y de perfiles hiperespectrales, machos y hembras en diferentes estadios de desarrollo pupal. Se obtuvieron imágenes de pupas de diferentes tiempos de desarrollo de grados-día (GD). Los perfiles hiperespectrales de las pupas de 288, 345 y 403 GD mostraron diferencias, indicando que el tono de la pupa se altera durante el desarrollo. En el espectro NIR (800 a 1.700 nm) se observó una mayor reflectancia entre 1.100 y 1.400 nm. En estas bandas ocurren diferencias en la desviación estándar de la reflectancia entre machos y hembras. En las imágenes RGB se observaron diferencias en el ángulo de variación radiométrica, desde la parte superior hasta la parte basal de las pupas. Para las hembras, el ángulo de variación radiométrica fue mayor (26°) que para los machos (15°). Por lo tanto, es posible determinar características discriminantes utilizando los perfiles espectrales, técnicas de imagen y análisis de datos para separar los sexos.

DISINFESTATION OF MANGOES HADEN IN-FESTED BY Anastrepha fraterculus (WIED., 1830) (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE), WITH GAMMA RADIATION

The objective of experiment was determinate the radiation dose for disinfestation to mango Mangifera indica cv. Haden, infested by Anastrepha fraterculus larvae. For realization of the experiment, were collected fruits in the field, which were taking to Entomology laboratory where there was a infestation by the flies in cages during 72 hours period. Waited for the development of the larvae and before 5 – 8 days to infestation, the mangos were irradiated in a Cobalt-60 source with doses of: 0(control), 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1.100, 1.200 and 1.300 Gy. After the irradiation, the fruits were placed in climate chamber with 25 ±5°C of temperature and 70±5% of relative humidity, posteriorly waited the larvae exit to out of the fruit until the transformation in pupae and posteriorly in adult stage. By the results obtained our can concluded that the lethal dose to larvae in mangoes infested with 5-8 days after infestation were 600 Gy and 1.000 Gy (0.6 and 1 kGy) respectively. The dose of 50 Gy prevented the total adult emergence for both treatments.