scholarly journals Interspecific Hybridization and Complete Mitochondrial Genome Analysis of Two Ghost Moth Species

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1046
Author(s):  
Hua Wu ◽  
Li Cao ◽  
Meiyu He ◽  
Richou Han ◽  
Patrick De Clercq
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Complete Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Hybrid Population ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Artificial System ◽  
Ophiocordyceps Sinensis

The Chinese cordyceps, a parasitic Ophiocordyceps sinensis fungus–Thitarodes/Hepialus larva complex, is a valuable biological resource endemic to the Tibetan Plateau. Protection of the Plateau environment and huge market demand make it necessary to culture this complex in an artificial system. A method for the large-scale artificial rearing of the Thitarodes/Hepialus insect host has been established. However, the deterioration of the insect rearing population and low mummification of the infected larvae by the fungus constrain effective commercial cultivation. Hybridization of Thitarodes/Hepialus populations may be needed to overcome this problem. The species T. shambalaensis (GG♂ × GG♀) and an undescribed Thitarodes species (SD♂ × SD♀) were inbred or hybridized to evaluate the biological parameters, larval sensitivity to the fungal infection and mitochondrial genomes of the resulting populations. The two parental Thitarodes species exhibited significant differences in adult fresh weights and body lengths but not in pupal emergence rates. Hybridization of T. shambalaensis and Thitarodes sp. allowed producing a new generation. The SD♂ × GG♀ population showed a higher population trend index than the SD♂ × SD♀ population, implying increased population growth compared with the male parent. The sensitivity of the inbred larval populations to four fungal isolates of O. sinensis also differed. This provides possibilities to create Thitarodes/Hepialus populations with increased growth potential for the improved artificial production of the insect hosts. The mitochondrial genomes of GG♂ × GG♀, SD♂ × SD♀ and SD♂ × GG♀ were 15,612 bp, 15,389 bp and 15,496 bp in length, with an A + T content of 80.92%, 82.35% and 80.87%, respectively. The A + T-rich region contains 787 bp with two 114 bp repetitive sequences, 554 bp without repetitive sequences and 673 bp without repetitive sequences in GG♂ × GG♀, SD♂ × SD♀ and SD♂ × GG♀, respectively. The hybrid population (SD♂ × GG♀) was located in the same clade with GG♂ × GG♀, based on the phylogenetic tree constructed by 13 PCGs, implying the maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA.

Dynamic and Thermodynamic Relations of Distinctive Stratus Clouds on the Lee Side of the Tibetan Plateau in the Cold Season

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (21) ◽  
pp. 8378-8391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Rucong Yu ◽  
Jian Li ◽  
Weihua Yuan ◽  
Minghua Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Water Vapor Transport ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Moist Air ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Stratus Clouds

Abstract Given the large discrepancies that exist in climate models for shortwave cloud forcing over eastern China (EC), the dynamic (vertical motion and horizontal circulation) and thermodynamic (stability) relations of stratus clouds and the associated cloud radiative forcing in the cold season are examined. Unlike the stratus clouds over the southeastern Pacific Ocean (as a representative of marine boundary stratus), where thermodynamic forcing plays a primary role, the stratus clouds over EC are affected by both dynamic and thermodynamic factors. The Tibetan Plateau (TP)-forced low-level large-scale lifting and high stability over EC favor the accumulation of abundant saturated moist air, which contributes to the formation of stratus clouds. The TP slows down the westerly overflow through a frictional effect, resulting in midlevel divergence, and forces the low-level surrounding flows, resulting in convergence. Both midlevel divergence and low-level convergence sustain a rising motion and vertical water vapor transport over EC. The surface cold air is advected from the Siberian high by the surrounding northerly flow, causing low-level cooling. The cooling effect is enhanced by the blocking of the YunGui Plateau. The southwesterly wind carrying warm, moist air from the east Bay of Bengal is uplifted by the HengDuan Mountains via topographical forcing; the midtropospheric westerly flow further advects the warm air downstream of the TP, moistening and warming the middle troposphere on the lee side of the TP. The low-level cooling and midlevel warming together increase the stability. The favorable dynamic and thermodynamic large-scale environment allows for the formation of stratus clouds over EC during the cold season.

scholarly journals The Role of Shallow Convection over the Tibetan Plateau

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (15) ◽  
pp. 5791-5803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunying Li ◽  
Minghua Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Diabatic Heating ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Monsoon Circulation ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Shallow Convection ◽  
Sensitivity Experiment ◽  
Stratiform Clouds

Cumulus (Cu) from shallow convection is one of the dominant cloud types over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) in the summer according to CloudSat– CALIPSO observations. Its thermodynamic effects on the atmospheric environment and impacts on the large-scale atmospheric circulation are studied in this paper using the Community Atmospheric Model, version 5.3 (CAM5.3). It is found that the model can reasonably simulate the unique distribution of diabatic heating and Cu over the TP. Shallow convection provides the dominant diabatic heating and drying to the lower and middle atmosphere over the TP. A sensitivity experiment indicates that without Cu over the TP, large-scale condensation and stratiform clouds would increase dramatically, which induces enhanced low-level wind and moisture convergence toward the TP, resulting in significantly enhanced monsoon circulation with remote impact on the areas far beyond the TP. Cu therefore acts as a safety valve to modulate the atmospheric environment that prevents the formation of superclusters of stratiform clouds and precipitation over the TP.

scholarly journals Mitochondrially targeted ZFN s for selective degradation of pathogenic mitochondrial genomes bearing large‐scale deletions or point mutations

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 458-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Payam A Gammage ◽  
Joanna Rorbach ◽  
Anna I Vincent ◽  
Edward J Rebar ◽  
Michal Minczuk
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes ◽  
Selective Degradation

scholarly journals Plants as alternative platforms for monoclonal antibodies productions.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Glumińska ◽  
Magdalena Krzesłowska
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Protein Modification ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Future Market ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Mammalian Expression ◽  
Animal Pathogens

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are widely used in medical therapy and diagnostics, veterinary therapy, and research. The demand for mAbs reaches several dozen tons per year and is constantly growing, approaching the limits of current production possibilities. Mammalian expression systems, which currently dominate the bioproduction industry, have limited production capacity and require high capital investment and production costs. Plants are becoming promising expression platforms due to their scalability, speed, low cost of production, low risk of contamination from animal pathogens and eukaryotic mechanisms of post-translational protein modification. The transgenic plants used for the production of mAbs can be obtained by stable transformation of plant cells as well as transient expression of foreign proteins. In this review, we extract a broad overview of articles, many of them from recent years, concerning modern approaches to producing monoclonal antibodies in plants, methods for modifying the carbohydrate profile of mAbs, and purifying the resulting product. We also present current data on the practical use of mAbs in medical therapies and potential methods of producing antibodies on a very large scale, able to meet the future market demand.

scholarly journals Complete mitochondrial genome of Glomeridesmus spelaeus (Diplopoda), a troglobitic species from Carajás iron-ore caves (Pará, Brazil)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisele Lopes Nunes ◽  
Renato Renison Moreira Oliveira ◽  
Eder Soares Pires ◽  
Santelmo Vasconcelos ◽  
Thadeu Pietrobon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Base Composition ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Complete Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Significant Advance ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes ◽  
Trna Genes ◽  
Rich Region ◽  
The Public

AbstractWe report the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Glomeridesmus spelaeus, the first sequenced genome of the order Gomeridesmida. The genome is 14,825 pb in length and encodes 37 mitochondrial (13 PCGs, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA) genes and contains a typical AT-rich region. The base composition of the genome was A (40.1%), T (36.4%), C (15.8%), and G (7.6%), with an AT content of 76.5%. Our results indicated that Glomeridesmus spelaeus only distantly related to the other Diplopoda species with available mitochondrial genomes in the public databases. The publication of the mitogenome of G. spelaeus will contribute to the identification of troglobitic invertebrates, a very significant advance for the conservation of the troglofauna.

scholarly journals Infection with intracellular parasite Amoeboaphelidium protococcarum induces shifts in associated bacterial communities in microalgae cultures

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 2863-2873
Author(s):  
Anna-Lena Höger ◽  
Carola Griehl ◽  
Matthias Noll
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Freshwater Microalgae

AbstractIn recent years microalgae products have developed increasing market demand, but sustainable industrial production is still challenged by biological stability of large-scale production plants. Yet the relationships between algal hosts, associated microbiomes, and contaminants in photobioreactors remains widely understudied. The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal development of microbiomes of four freshwater microalgae species Scenedesmus vacuolatus, Desmodesmus quadricauda, Chlorella sorokiniana, and Botryococcus braunii, in presence and absence of the zoosporic parasite Amoeboaphelidium protococcarum. To compare the effects of sterile and nonsterile culture conditions, infection experiments were performed in sterile laboratory (sterile) and simulated industrial conditions (open). Algal growth (dry weight, optical density, and nutrient consumption) was observed for 21 days, and samples of the associated microbiome were collected for bacterial 16S rRNA gene Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Infection patterns of A. protococcarum were algae species-specific, irrespectively of culture conditions. Bacterial community analysis demonstrated distinct and stable bacterial communities for each algae species, which were mostly dominated by α- and γ-Proteobacteria. Upon aphelid parasitosis, bacterial diversity increased, and community compositions diverged algae-specific over time. Moreover, bacterial functional traits shifted to detoxification, degradation, and cellulolysis once algae were infected. This study provides a first insight into the close connection between algae, associated bacterial microbiomes and appearing contaminants in photobioreactor systems.

scholarly journals Reproductive activity and morphometric assessment of three commercial species of sea cucumber (Echinodermata) from Karimunjawa National Park, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustagfirin MUSTAGFIRIN ◽  
Diah Permata Wijayanti ◽  
Subagiyo SUBAGIYO
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Gonad Somatic Index ◽  
Commercial Species ◽  
Morphometric Assessment ◽  
Somatic Index

Abstract. Mustagfirin, Wijayanti DP, Subagiyo. 2021. Reproductive activity and morphometric assessment of three commercial species of sea cucumber (Echinodermata) from Karimunjawa National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3333-3341. Sea cucumbers are benthic animals that have economic value and play an important role in the environment. Exploitation on large scale to fulfill high market demand, caused overexploitation. The number of sea cucumbers in Karimunjawa decreased as a result of limited management. There is no study conducted on the commercial sea cucumbers (Holothuria edulis, Pearsonothuria graeffei, and Bohadschia vitensis) in Nyamuk Island, Karimunjawa. The objectives of the research were to determine the morphometric assessment and the reproductive cycle of the three species. The morphometric assessment of weight showed that the weight of H. edulis ranges 247.3-2539g, P. graeffei 415.3-428.1g, and B. vitiensis 672.4-678.1g, respectively. The first maturity size of gutted body weight (GWB50) for H. edulis was 127.84g, P. graeffei 357.61g, and B. vitiensis 279.34g. The gonad somatic index (GSI) range 13.60-15.60% for H. edulis, 14.75-12.25% for P. graeffei and 10.83-14.57% for B. vitiensis. The result of gonad somatic index with a value above 10% means that it has entered the spawning phase. The above data indicated that the three commercial species spawned monthly, during new moon. It is likely that the spawning peak occurred when the temperature was increased. However, the pattern of reproductive activity in this study was limited at Nyamuk Island. Future studies are needed to observe whether there is a correlation between the increasing water temperature and the reproductive activity of the three sea cucumbers.

scholarly journals The complete mitochondrial genome of medicinal fungus Taiwanofungus camphoratus reveals gene rearrangements and intron dynamics of Polyporales

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Wang ◽  
Lihua Jia ◽  
Mingdao Wang ◽  
Hao Yang ◽  
Mingyue Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Core Protein ◽  
Complete Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Intron Loss ◽  
Gene Rearrangements ◽  
Total Size ◽  
Medicinal Fungus ◽  
Taiwanofungus Camphoratus

Abstract Taiwanofungus camphoratus is a highly valued medicinal mushroom that is endemic to Taiwan, China. In the present study, the mitogenome of T. camphoratus was assembled and compared with other published Polyporales mitogenomes. The T. camphoratus mitogenome was composed of circular DNA molecules, with a total size of 114,922 bp. Genome collinearity analysis revealed large-scale gene rearrangements between the mitogenomes of Polyporales, and T. camphoratus contained a unique gene order. The number and classes of introns were highly variable in 12 Polyporales species we examined, which proved that numerous intron loss or gain events occurred in the evolution of Polyporales. The Ka/Ks values for most core protein coding genes in Polyporales species were less than 1, indicating that these genes were subject to purifying selection. However, the rps3 gene was found under positive or relaxed selection between some Polyporales species. Phylogenetic analysis based on the combined mitochondrial gene set obtained a well-supported topology, and T. camphoratus was identified as a sister species to Laetiporus sulphureus. This study served as the first report on the mitogenome in the Taiwanofungus genus, which will provide a basis for understanding the phylogeny and evolution of this important fungus.

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