The Reliability and Sensitivity of Change of Direction Deficit and Its Association with Linear Sprint Speed in Prepubertal Male Soccer Players

Background: This study aimed to examine the reliability and sensitivity of a change of direction deficit (CoDD) and to establish its relationship with linear sprint speed. Methods: In total, 89 prepubertal male soccer players participated in this study (age = 11.7 ± 1.2 years, maturity offset = −2.4 ± 1.0). Participants performed the 505 CoD speed test and the 20 m linear sprint speed test with a split interval at 5 m and 10 m. The CoDD was calculated as the mean 505 CoD time—the mean 10 to 20 m time interval. To evaluate the reliability of CoDD, the 505 CoD speed test, and 20 m linear sprint speed were performed twice, one week apart. The sensitivity of CoDD was identified by comparing the values of the typical error of measurement (TEM) and smallest worthwhile change (SWC). Results: Results of the reliability analysis indicated an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC3.1) < 0.50 (0.47) and a TEM expressed as the coefficient of variation > 5% (10.55%). The sensitivity analysis showed that the ability of the CoDD measure to detect small performance changes is “marginal” (TEM (0.12) > SWC0.2 (0.04)). However, good absolute and relative reliability were observed for the 505 CoD speed test (ICC3.1 = 0.75; TEM < 5%). Alike CoDD, the ability of the 505 CoD speed test to detect small performance changes was rated as “marginal” (TEM (0.07 s) > SWC0.2 (0.04 s)). The CoDD revealed a large association with the 505 CoD speed test (r = 0.71). However, non-significant associations were detected between the CoDD and 5 m, 10 m, and 20 m linear sprint speed intervals (r = 0.10 to 0.16, all p > 0.05). Likewise, non-significant correlations between the 505 CoD speed test and 5 m, 10 m, and 20 m linear sprint speed intervals were observed (r = 0.14 to 0.20, all p > 0.05). Conclusions: The CoDD displayed poor reliability and limited ability to detect small changes in performance in prepubertal male soccer players. Due to its limited practical utility, practitioners are advised not to consider CoDD scores during the assessment of prepubertal male soccer players.

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Validity and Reliability of a New Test of Change of Direction in Fencing Athletes

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17124545 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (12) ◽

pp. 4545

Author(s):

Hichem Chtara ◽

Yassine Negra ◽

Helmi Chaabene ◽

Moktar Chtara ◽

John Cronin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Roc Analysis ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Squat Jump ◽

Sprint Time ◽

Change Of Direction ◽

Typical Error ◽

Jump Test ◽

Better Than ◽

Error Of Measurement

The aim of this study was to validate a new test of change of direction (COD) for fencer athletes and to establish its relationship with selected measures of physical fitness. Thirty-nine fencer athletes participated to this study (age: 20.8 ± 3.0 years). They performed the new specific fencing COD test (SFCODT) on two separate occasions to establish its reliability. In addition, assessment of COD, jumping ability (i.e., squat jump, countermovement jump, five jump test), sprint time (e.g., 5-m, 10-m and 20-m), isokinetic concentric and eccentric quadriceps, and hamstring force tests were assessed. To establish SFCODT’s construct validity, two subgroups were identified based on their international and national fencing results: High- vs. low-ranked fencer athletes. Reliability, validity, and sensitivity of the SFCODT were established from the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), typical error of measurement (TEM), smallest worthwhile change (SWC), and receiving operator characteristic (ROC) analysis. The ICC of SFCODT was excellent at >0.95, and the TEM was < 5%. Based on the usefulness analysis, the ability to detect small performance changes can be rated as “good” in fencer athletes (SWC > TEM). SFCODT was very largely associated with the COD test and moderate to very large associated with jumping ability, sprint time, and isokinetic strength. High-ranked fencer athletes were better than low-ranked fencer athletes on SFCODT (p < 0.01). The area under the ROC curve was 0.76. In conclusion, the SFCODT is a highly reliable, valid, and sensitive test. Therefore, the SFCODT could be used by practitioners to evaluate specific CODS performance in fencer athletes.

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Reliability of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test in Semiprofessional Soccer Players

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2015-0056 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 172-175 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Christopher Thomas ◽

Thomas Dos’Santos ◽

Paul A. Jones ◽

Paul Comfort

Keyword(s):

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Team Sport ◽

Soccer Players ◽

True Score ◽

Good Reliability ◽

Fitness Test ◽

Typical Error ◽

Reliable Assessment ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Error Of Measurement

Purpose:The purpose of this investigation was to determine the reliability of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15IFT) in semiprofessional soccer players.Methods:Fourteen male semiprofessional soccer players performed the 30-15IFT on 2 occasions separated by 7 d. Reliability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), typical error of measurement expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV), and smallest worthwhile change (SWC) to determine any significant difference between testing sessions.Results:Maximal intermittent running velocity (VIFT) demonstrated good reliability (ICC = .80) for between-sessions reliability. The CV was 2.5% for between-sessions reliability of the 30-15IFT. As the SWC (0.70 km/h) falls within the range in which the individual’s true score is likely to lie (1.0 km/h), the usefulness of the VIFT was rated as marginal. Despite the usefulness of the 30-15IFT being deemed marginal, a change in performance as small as 1.0 km/h (2 stages) in VIFT could be considered substantial or real.Conclusion:This study demonstrates that VIFT in the 30-15IFT is reliable, resulting in a reliable assessment of team-sport-specific cardiorespiratory fitness, with changes as small as 1.0 km/h (2 stages) in VIFT considered meaningful.

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Test–Retest Reliability of Skill Tests in the F-MARC Battery for Youth Soccer Players

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.1177/0031512519866038 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 126 (5) ◽

pp. 1006-1023 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alexis Padrón-Cabo ◽

Ezequiel Rey ◽

Alexandra Pérez-Ferreirós ◽

Anton Kalén

Keyword(s):

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Young Male ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Limits Of Agreement ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Youth Soccer ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

Standard Error Of Measurement ◽

Absolute Reliability ◽

Error Of Measurement

This study aimed to evaluate the test–retest reliability of soccer skill tests belonging to the F-MARC test battery. To avoid bias during talent identification and development, coaches and scouts should be using reliable tests for assessing soccer-specific skills in young male players. Fifty-two U-14 outfield male soccer players performed F-MARC soccer skill tests on two occasions, separated by 7 days. After familiarization, we administered two trial sessions of five skill tests: speed dribbling, juggling, shooting, passing, and heading. We assessed absolute reliability by expressing the standard error of measurement as a coefficient of variation with 95% limits of agreement, and we assessed relative reliability with the intraclass correlation coefficient and with Pearson’s correlation ( r). The results demonstrated satisfactory relative and absolute reliability for speed dribbling, right foot juggling, short passing, shooting a dead ball right, shooting from a pass, heading in front, and heading right. However, reliability values for left foot juggling, chest-head-foot juggling, head-left-foot-right foot-chest-head juggling, long pass, and shooting a dead ball left tests were not strong enough to suggest their usage by coaches in training or sport scientists in research.

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The Number of Trials Required to Obtain a Representative Movement Pattern During a Hurdle Hop Exercise

Journal of Applied Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/jab.2015-0121 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 295-300 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Shane J. Gore ◽

Brendan M. Marshall ◽

Andrew D. Franklyn-Miller ◽

Eanna C. Falvey ◽

Kieran A. Moran

Keyword(s):

Sequential Analysis ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Movement Pattern ◽

Scientific Justification ◽

Novel Method ◽

The Mean ◽

Standard Error Of Measurement ◽

Anatomical Plane ◽

Coefficient Method ◽

Error Of Measurement

When reporting a subject’s mean movement pattern, it is important to ensure that reported values are representative of the subject’s typical movement. While previous studies have used the mean of 3 trials, scientific justification of this number is lacking. One approach is to determine statistically how many trials are required to achieve a representative mean. This study compared 4 methods of calculating the number of trials required in a hopping movement to achieve a representative mean. Fifteen males completed 15 trials of a lateral hurdle hop. Range of motion at the trunk, pelvis, hip, knee, and ankle, in addition to peak moments for the latter 3 joints were examined. The number of trials required was computed using a peak intraclass correlation coefficient method, sequential analysis with a bandwidth of acceptable variance in the mean, and a novel method based on the standard error of measurement (SEMind). The number of trials required across all variables ranged from 2 to 12 depending on method, joint, and anatomical plane. The authors advocate the SEMind method as it demonstrated fewer limitations than the other methods. Using the SEMind, the required number of trials for a representative mean during the lateral hurdle hop is 6.

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Effects of Three Preseason Training Programs on Speed, Change-of-Direction, and Endurance in Recreationally Trained Soccer Players

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2021.719580 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Jérôme Koral ◽

Jaume Lloria Varella ◽

Fernando Lazaro Romero ◽

Clément Foschia

Keyword(s):

Interval Training ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Plyometric Training ◽

Training Time ◽

Change Of Direction ◽

Maximal Aerobic Speed ◽

Training Post ◽

Speed Change ◽

The Mean ◽

Physical Performances

Background: Modern coaches experience a drastic reduction of the available training time with an increasingly large number of competitions during the competitive season. Thus, they must choose wisely the most efficient methods to improve the physical fitness of their players during the preseason. Among all the methods, this study compared the effects of plyometric training (PT), sprint interval training (SIT), and small-sided games (SSGs) on the performance of recreationally trained soccer players.Methods: Seventy-three participants were randomly assigned in one of the three experimental groups (i.e., PT [n = 23], SIT [n = 26] or SSGs [n = 24]) and completed two sessions per week for a total of 3 weeks. Meanwhile, the whole group maintained their habitual soccer-specific training program who do not interfere in the preparation of the season. Repeated sprint ability (RSA), maximal aerobic speed (MAS), and a 30-m sprint were assessed at baseline (PRE) and post-training (POST).Results: Performance in SSGs decreased for the average speed from 0 to 10 m (V0−10m; −0.84 km h−1, −4 ± 5%, p < 0.001), the maximal distance (Dmax) covered in the 30-s RSA test (−3.65 m, −3 ± 6%, p < 0.01) and MAS (−0.52 km h−1, −3 ± 6%, p < 0.01). PT increased the mean distance (Dmean) covered in the 30-s RSA test (+5.98 m, 5 ± 4%, p < 0.001) and MAS (+0.58 km h−1, 7 ± 5%, p < 0.01) while an improvement of all parameters but the maximal sprint speed reached during the 30-m trip (Vmax) was found in the SIT group (V0−10m: +1.462 km h−1, 8 ± 5%, p < 0.001; Dmax: +7.89 m, 6 ± 5%, p < 0.001; Dmean: +8.69 m, 7 ± 5%, p < 0.001 and MAS: +1.74 km h−1, 12 ± 8%, p < 0.001). All SSG POST values were significantly lower than PT and SIT (p < 0.01). Dmean and MAS in POST were also significantly higher in SIT than in the PT group (p < 0.001).Conclusion: This study suggests that both PT and SIT could be a better alternative to SSGs to boost performances during preseason. Moreover, SIT seems to produce higher improvements in physical performances than PT.

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Dextrose 10% Drink is Superior than Sodium Dextrose in Increasing Blood Glucose and Sprint Speed in Soccer Players: a Double-Blinded Randomized Crossover Trial Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-40968/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Agussalim Bukhari ◽

Suryani As’ad ◽

Nurpudji A Taslim ◽

Mushawwir Thaiyeb ◽

Ignatius Yuwanda Chrissander ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Primary Outcome ◽

Young Male ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Sprint Speed ◽

Sports Drink ◽

Sports Drinks ◽

The Mean ◽

Mean Differences ◽

Double Blinded

Abstract Background: Sports drink should be formulated to be effective in improving sports performance, but there is no standard of agreement about the most effective formulation. The diversity of situations in which these drinks are used for and the various factors might contribute to its specific efficacy. The main elements of a sports drink are water, sugar and salt. The major constituents which can be manipulated to alter the functional effects of sports drinks are the carbohydrate (CHO) concentration, type and the electrolyte content. The solution of either dextrose (D) 4-8 % or sodium dextrose (Na-D) are able to increase the blood glucose (BG). However, there are still no comparison about the differences in effects between solely D versus Na-D on soccer players. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of D supplementation on BG, VO2max, and sprint speed compared with Na-D. Method: We conducted a double-blinded crossover study of a 22 young male (19±1.1 years) soccer players, consumed either D or Na-D fluid. We compared pre and post data of BG, VO2max and sprint speed between D and Na-D group. The primary outcome was differences in ΔBG between D and Na-D group. Secondary outcomes were differences in ΔVO2max and Δsprint speed between D and Na-D group. Results: The mean BG level was higher in D compared with Na-D group [136±22.9 mg/dl vs 118±21.5 mg/dl] (p = 0.009). Mean differences of ΔBG of D (mean before and mean after) compared with ΔBG Na-D (mean before and mean after) is 16.8mg/dl (p = 0.001). The mean of sprint speed is faster in the D group [15.2±1.25 sec vs 15.9±1.61 sec] (p = 0.019), but we found no significant differences in VO2max between both groups [42.1±3.44 ml/min/kg vs 42.3±3.98 ml/min /kg] (p = 0.834). Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that D drink without added sodium has a large influence effect in increasing the BG level and sprint speed.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials, NCT04206579. Registered 20/12/2019 – Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04206579?term=NCT04206579&draw=2&rank=1

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Reliability Measurement of Corneal Wavefront Aberrations using Corneal Videokeratograph Atlas 9000

IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia ◽

10.31436/imjm.v18i2.631 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Noorshazana Mat Rejab @ Md Rejab ◽

Mohd Radzi Hilmi ◽

Khairidzan Mohd Kamal ◽

Md Muziman Syah Md Mustafa

Keyword(s):

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Intraclass Correlation Coefficient ◽

Spherical Aberration ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Time Interval ◽

Wavefront Aberration ◽

Wavefront Aberrations ◽

The Mean ◽

Reliability Measurement

Introduction: Accurate corneal wavefront aberration measurements are essential in determining patient’s suitability, vision outcomes and patient satisfaction in laser refractive surgeries. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability measurement of higher-order aberration (HOA) using corneal videokeratograph Atlas 9000. Materials and method: 38 eyes of 19 participants were recruited in this study. Comprehensive eye examination was done to ensure all participants eligibility, and any conditions in which obstruct the central cornea were excluded. Corneal wavefront aberrations were measured based on Zernike polynomials. In assessing repeatability, three repetitive measurements in five minutes in a single session were taken by 2 experience examiners. For reproducibility measurement, similar approach was done with the time-interval between measurements was set at one week. Bland-Altman, limits of agreement (LoA) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to evaluate the reliability measurement. Results: Bland-Altman and LoA findings revealed no significant differences for both repeatability and reproducibility measurement. For repeatability testing, the mean differences for vertical trefoil, oblique trefoil and spherical aberration were -0.096 ± 0.493, 0.001 ± 0.048, 0.008 ± 0.035, 0.004 ± 0.029, 0.010 ± 0.053 with LoA of 1.930, 0.188, 0.138, 0.114, and 0.208 respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) excellent reliability of 0.841 for all parameters. Likewise, reproducibility testing showed similar findings with the mean difference were -0.018 ± 0.091, 0.016 ± 0.061, -0.0004 ± 0.036, -0.002 ± 0.042, 0.003 ± 0.026, with LoA of 0.356, 0.24, 0.141,0.164, and 0.102 respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) shows excellent reliability of more than 0.9 for all parameters. LoA of less than 1.0 were observed in all measurements (except for repeatability of vertical trefoil) indicates high consistency of the measurements. Conclusions: Corneal videokeratograph Atlas 9000 provides excellent HOA measurement reliability.

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Effects of Three Different Combined Training Interventions on Jump, Change of Direction, Power Performance, and Inter-Limb Asymmetry in Male Youth Soccer Players

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports9120158 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 158

Author(s):

Alejandro Moreno-Azze ◽

José Luis Arjol-Serrano ◽

David Falcón-Miguel ◽

Chris Bishop ◽

Oliver Gonzalo-Skok

Keyword(s):

Young Male ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Power Performance ◽

Countermovement Jump ◽

Mean Power ◽

Post Intervention ◽

Combined Training ◽

Change Of Direction ◽

Training Interventions ◽

Speed Test

Background: This study compared the effects of performing different unilateral combined training interventions on diverse vertical and horizontal jumping performance parameters, change of direction, concentric and eccentric mean power, and their associated inter-limb asymmetries in young soccer players. Methods: Forty-seven young male soccer players (age: 15.5 ± 0.9 years) were distributed into three groups. Two groups performed the same training volume with both legs, beginning with the weaker leg (Stronger Volume Weaker leg group (SVW), n = 14) or with the stronger leg (Stronger Volume Stronger leg group, (SVS), n = 15). The third group executed double the volume with the weaker leg and also commenced with such leg (Double Volume Weaker leg group (DVW), n = 16) during a 10-week period. Pre- and post-intervention tests included a single-leg hop, single-leg lateral hop, triple hop, bilateral and unilateral countermovement jumps, a change of direction speed test, concentric and eccentric mean power during the lateral squat test, and their corresponding asymmetries. Results: Single-leg hop weaker leg, triple hop weaker leg, and bilateral countermovement jump improvements were achieved in the SVW (ES: 0.29 to 0.46) and DVW (ES: 0.55 to 0.73) groups. Between-groups analysis showed better results in single-leg hop in the SVW and DVW compared to group SVS. The DVW group achieved better improvements in countermovement jump in comparison to groups SVS and SVW. Conclusions: Groups that started with the weaker leg seemed to achieve a greater volume of significant changes than when starting with the stronger leg. Performing a double volume on the weaker limb does not guarantee further improved performance compared to other groups.

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Change-of-Direction Ability of Para-Footballers With Cerebral Palsy Under a New Evidence-Based and Sport-Specific Classification System

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2019-0656 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Iván Peña-González ◽

Alba Roldan ◽

Carlos Toledo ◽

Tomás Urbán ◽

Raúl Reina

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Palsy ◽

Classification System ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Football Players ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

New Classification ◽

Change Of Direction ◽

Speed Test ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

New Evidence

Purpose: This study aimed (1) to explore the validity and reliability of a new and specific change-of-direction (COD) test that requires dribbling skills to classify international footballers with cerebral palsy (CP) and compare it with another valid and reliable COD test without ball dribbling and (2) to probe whether both tests can discriminate between the new CP football classes (ie, FT1, FT2, and FT3) established worldwide in 2018. Methods: This study involved 180 international para-footballers with CP from 23 national teams at the 3 regional competitions held in 2018. They performed 2 COD tests, the modified agility test (no dribbling skills) and the dribbling speed test (DST). Results: Reliability was excellent for both the modified agility test (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]2,1 = .91, SEM = 5.75%) and the DST (ICC2,1 = .92, SEM = 4.66%). The modified agility test and DST results were highly to very highly correlated to one another for the whole group and considering the sport classes (r = .60–.80; P < .001). A 1-way analysis of variance showed significant differences between sport classes in both tests (P < .001). However, among classes, there were significant differences between FT1 and FT2 and FT3 (P < .01, effect size = large) and low to moderate effect sizes between FT2 and FT3 for either test. Conclusion: The DST appears to be valid and reliable to classify CP football players within the new classification system. Regression analysis revealed that 18.2% of the variance in the new sport classes could be explained by the 2 examined tests.

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Evaluation of the Illinois Change of Direction Test in Youth Elite Soccer Players of Different Age

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.1515/hukin-2017-0079 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 215-224 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Yassine Negra ◽

Helmi Chaabene ◽

Samiha Amara ◽

Slobodan Jaric ◽

Mehréz Hammami ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

High Reliability ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

National Level ◽

Age Groups ◽

Team Sports ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Change Of Direction ◽

Significant Performance

Abstract Change of direction ability is an essential pre-requisite in team sports athletes. The Illinois change of direction test has been routinely used for testing change of direction ability in soccer players. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the Illinois change of direction test in young elite soccer players in terms of its reliability, usefulness and relationship with body size. A total of one hundred and ninety-four male, national-level soccer players were recruited. They were classified into four age groups (U-8, U-10, U-12 and U-14). Participants were tested using the Illinois change of direction test twice, and basic indices of body size were obtained. The Illinois change of direction scores showed high relative and absolute reliability in all age groups (all intraclass correlation coefficients were >0.91, and the standard error of measurement was <5%). The usefulness analysis showed that the Illinois change of direction test could detect small changes in performance in the U-10 and U-12 groups. However, it could only detect moderate changes in performance in the U-8 and U-14 groups. Although the Illinois change of direction test detected significant performance differences among groups, scores were not significantly related to body size (-0.30<r<0.15; p > 0.05). Taking into account the test’s high reliability and the appropriate level of usefulness, these results might support the use of the Illinois change of direction test as a standard measure for quantifying change of direction ability in young soccer players.

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