scholarly journals Causes and Effects of Sand and Dust Storms: What Has Past Research Taught Us? A Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 326
Author(s):  
Christian Opp ◽  
Michael Groll ◽  
Hamidreza Abbasi ◽  
Mansour Ahmadi Foroushani
Keyword(s):  
Past Research ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Dust Transport ◽  
Source Areas ◽  
Integrated Strategies ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Temperature Climate ◽  
Remote Sensing Techniques ◽  
Low Coverage

Barren ground and sites with low coverage by vegetation (e.g., dunes, soil surfaces, dry lakes, and riverbeds) are the main source areas of sand and dust storms (SDS). The understanding of causes, processes (abrasion, deflation, transport, deposition), and influencing factors of sandy and dusty particles moving by wind both in the boundary layer and in the atmosphere are basic prerequisites to distinguish between SDS. Dust transport in the atmosphere modulates radiation, ocean surface temperature, climate, as well as snow and ice cover. The effects of airborne particles on land are varied and can cause advantages and disadvantages, both in source areas and in sink or deposition areas, with disturbances of natural environments and anthropogenic infrastructure. Particulate matter in general and SDS specifically can cause severe health problems in human respiratory and other organs, especially in children. Economic impacts can be equally devastating, but the costs related to SDS are not thoroughly studied. The available data show huge economic damages caused by SDS and by the mitigation of their effects. Management of SDS-related hazards utilizes remote sensing techniques, on-site observations, and protective measures. Integrated strategies are necessary during both the planning and monitoring of these measures. Such integrated strategies can be successful when they are developed and implemented in close cooperation with the local and regional population and stakeholders.

Impact of dust and sand storms on the aviation operation and assessment of conditions for their occurrence at aerodromes in European Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 78-95
Author(s):  
A.R. Ivanova ◽  
◽  
E.N. Skriptunova ◽  
N.I. Komasko ◽  
A.A. Zavialova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
European Russia ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Dust Transport ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sand Storm ◽  
The Impact

A review of literature on the impact of dust and sand storms on the air transport operation is presented. Observational data on dust storms at the aerodromes of European Russia for the period of 2001-2019 are analyzed. The seasonal variations in dust transport episodes at aerodromes and its relationship with visibility changes are discussed. The characteristics of dusty air masses and advection are given. It is concluded that the frequency of dust transfer episodes for the aerodromes under study has decreased over the past five years, except for Gumrak aerodrome (Volgograd). Keywords: dust storm, sand storm, aviation, visibility, seasonal variations, aerodrome оf European Russia

scholarly journals Using satellite images in teaching geography at school

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Images ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Atmospheric Fronts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Control Knowledge

Satellite images occupy a signifi cant place in the Earth Sciences. This fully applies to geography. Images of the Earth from space are used in various activities: to assess crops, to establish the boundaries of a phenomenon, to determine the degree of contamination of land or ocean surfaces, to search for minerals, and so on. But in school geography, satellite images are used very rarely - for example, to prove the sphericity of the Earth or to show the view of each continent from space. The purpose of this article is to highlight the methods of using satellite images in geography lessons at school and to create tasks based on these means of training. Main material. The history of using satellite images in school geography has been considered in the article. Advantages and disadvantages of satellite images as training tools are also noted. The role of satellite images in the formation of geographical representations is highlighted by the authors. These images realistically depict many natural phenomena (atmospheric fronts, cyclones, dust storms, etc.). Therefore, as a means of visualization, they contribute to the formation of memory representations in schoolchildren. Examples of a number of satellite images show how they can be used in teaching geography. The article off ers a methodical way of the use of satellite images at diff erent stages of learning. These images can be used to explain the training material, repeat it, control knowledge, and so on. Satellite images can be used to solve cartographic tasks. As practice has shown, we can perform creative tasks based on images. Conclusions. Satellite images play an important role in the system of teaching geography. The use of satellite images allows us to improve the pupils’ interest in the subject. Satellite images form geographical memory representations create a visual image of the natural appearance of the Earth. The study of educational opportunities of the Earth’s images from space has revealed three groups of requirements: pedagogical, technical and specific, determined by the content of school geography. The teacher should select satellite images based on the content of educational tasks of school geography.

Dust storm episodes at the aerodromes in the Asian part of Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 20-42
Author(s):  
A.R. Ivanova ◽  
◽  
E.N. Skriptunova ◽  
N.I. Komasko ◽  
A.A. Zavialova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Dust Storm ◽  
Trajectory Analysis ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Dust Transport ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Classical Definition ◽  
Dust Events ◽  
Definition Of

Dust storm episodes at the aerodromes in the Asian part of Russia / Ivanova A.R., Skriptunova E.N., Komasko N.I., Zavialova A.A.// Hydrometeorological Research and Forecasting, 2021, no. 2 (380), pp. 20-42. According to 2001-2020 METAR data, episodes of dust storms at 26 international aerodromes in the Asian Russia causing poor visibility are studied. The conditions for issuing reports on dust storms, their correspondence to the definition of a dust storm are discussed. It was found that out of 337 reports describing dust transport by strong wind, only 7 episodes registered at the aerodromes of Irkutsk, Abakan, Omsk, and Blagoveshchensk corresponded to the classical definition. The others detected at 15 of 26 aerodromes may be defined as “dust events” – the episodes of dust transfer causing the nonessential visibility reduction. The seasonal variation in such episodes and its connection with changes in visibility are studied. The characteristics of dusty air masses and the direction of their advection are given. Keywords: dust storm, dust events, aerodromes of Asian Russia, seasonal variation, trajectory analysis

The frequency and source areas of dust storms

2020 ◽  
pp. 237-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas John Middleton ◽  
Andrew S. Goudie ◽  
Gordon L. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Dust Storms ◽  
Source Areas

scholarly journals The Nature of Reality: Human Stress Recovery during Exposure to Biodiverse, Multisensory Virtual Environments

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan Faith Schebella ◽  
Delene Weber ◽  
Lisa Schultz ◽  
Philip Weinstein
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Trier Social Stress Test ◽  
Stress Recovery ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Olfactory Stimuli ◽  
Human Stress

Immersive virtual environments (IVEs) were used to test the effects of biodiversity on recovery from induced stress. Three natural environments and one urban environment were used to represent ordinal levels of biodiversity (none, low, moderate, and high). The four IVEs comprised visual, auditory, and olfactory stimuli. An additional high biodiversity IVE without auditory or olfactory stimuli was also included to study the effects of multisensory stimulation per se on recovery from stress and perceptions of biodiversity. Following stress induction via a novel IVE Trier Social Stress Test (TSST-IVE), heart rate and five self-reported well-being measures were used to assess participants’ recovery after immersion in one of the five IVEs. The results showed consistent well-being responses across both self-reported and physiological measures, suggesting biodiversity does directly affect human well-being. However, the relationship was not linear. For most measures of well-being, stress recovery was least effective in the urban IVE, consistent with past research. The low biodiversity IVE elicited the greatest improvement in all well-being measures except self-reported calmness. One could speculate that the landscape features of the least biodiverse IVE may elicit subconscious preferences toward savanna-like landscapes, as suggested by previous studies. The IVE depicting a moderate level of biodiversity was the least restorative of the natural environments. A multisensory experience was associated with better recovery in all measures of well-being than a visual-only experience, and perceptions of landscape components significantly differed between two identical nature scenes when auditory and olfactory stimuli were removed. Nuances in the data and implications of the findings are discussed. The results signal a need for caution and question the assumption that cultural ecosystem services align with positive outcomes for biodiversity conservation.

scholarly journals Effects of three-dimensional electric field on saltation during dust storms: An observational and numerical study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Zhang ◽  
You-He Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Component ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Sand Transport ◽  
Dust Transport ◽  
Dust Events

Abstract. Particle tribo-electrification being ubiquitous in nature and industry, potentially plays a key role in dust events, including the lifting and transport of sand and dust particles. However, the properties of electric field (E-field) and its influences on saltation during dust storms remain obscure as the high complexity of dust storms and the existing numerical studies mainly limited to one-dimensional (1-D) E-field. Here, we quantify the effects of real three-dimensional (3-D) E-field on saltation, through a combination of field observations and numerical modelling. The 3-D E-fields in the sub-meter layer from 0.05 to 0.7 m above the ground during a dust storm are measured at Qingtu Lake Observation Array site. The measured results show that each component of the 3-D E-field data nearly collapses on a single 3-order polynomial curve when normalized. Interestingly, the vertical component of the 3-D E-field increases with increasing height in the saltation layer during dust storms. Such 3-D E-field data close to the ground within a few centimeters has never been reported and formulated before. Using the discrete element method, we then develop a comprehensive saltation model, in which the tribo-electrification between particle-particle midair collisions is explicitly accounted for, allowing us to evaluate the tribo-electrification in saltation properly. By combining the results of measurements and modelling, we find that although the vertical component of the E-field (i.e. 1-D E-field) inhibits sand transport, 3-D E-field enhances sand transport substantially. Furthermore, the model predicts that 3-D E-field enhances the total mass flux by up to 63 %. This suggests that a truly 3-D E-field consideration is necessary if one is to explain precisely how the E-field affects saltation during dust storms. These results will further improve our understanding of particle tribo-electrification in saltation and help to provide more accurate characterizations of sand and dust transport during dust storms.

Climatic and Environmental Changes in the Source Areas of Dust Storms in Xinjiang, China, during the Last 50 Years

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-6) ◽  
pp. 207-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenshou Wei ◽  
Hongfei Zhou ◽  
Yuguang Shi ◽  
Osamu Abe ◽  
Kenji Kai
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Source Areas

scholarly journals Convective distribution of dust over the Arabian Peninsula: the impact of model resolution

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennie Bukowski ◽  
Susan C. van den Heever
Keyword(s):  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Dust Emission ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Radiation Budget ◽  
Grid Spacing ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Dust Transport ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cumulus Parameterizations

Abstract. Along the coasts of the Arabian Peninsula, convective dust storms are a considerable source of mineral dust to the atmosphere. Reliable predictions of convective dust events are necessary to determine their effects on air quality, visibility, and the radiation budget. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting Model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) is used to simulate a 2016 summertime dust event over the Arabian Peninsula and examine the variability in dust fields and associated vertical transport due to the choice of convective parameterization and explicit versus parameterized convection. Simulations are run at 45 km and 15 km grid spacing with multiple cumulus parameterizations, and are compared to a 3 km simulation that permits explicit convective processes. Five separate cumulus parameterizations at 15 km grid spacing were tested to quantify the spread across different parameterizations. Finally, the impact these variations have on radiation, specifically aerosol heating rates is also investigated. On average, in these simulations the explicit case produces higher quantities of dust than the parameterized cases in terms of dust uplift potential, vertical dust concentrations, and vertical dust fluxes. Major drivers of this discrepancy between the simulations stem from the explicit case exhibiting higher surface windspeeds during convective activity, lower dust emission wind threshold velocities due to drier soil, and more frequent, stronger vertical velocities which transport dust aloft and increase the atmospheric lifetime of these particles. For aerosol heating rates in the lowest levels, the shortwave effect prevails in the explicit case with a net cooling effect, whereas a longwave net warming effect is present in the parameterized cases. The spread in dust concentrations across cumulus parameterizations at the same grid resolution (15 km) is an order of magnitude lower than the impact of moving from parameterized to explicit convection. We conclude that tuning dust emissions in coarse resolution simulations can only improve the results to first-order and cannot fully rectify the discrepancies originating from disparities in the representation of convective dust transport.

Evaluation of the Repertory Grid Method in Studies of Locals' Attitude towards Tourism Development Processes

1994 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 957-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Mansfeld ◽  
O Ginosar
Keyword(s):  
Tourism Development ◽  
Grid Method ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Repertory Grid ◽  
Personal Construct ◽  
Personal Construct Theory ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Repertory Grid Method ◽  
Attitudes And Perceptions ◽  
Construct Theory

In this paper the possibility of employing personal construct theory and the repertory grid method in studies of local attitudes towards tourism development from both a theoretical and methodological perspective is assessed. This work follows on from a critical review of the research methods used in past research works which dealt with the question of attitudes and perceptions of local communities toward tourism development in their localities. A case study of local attitudes and perceptions towards tourism development in tourist settlements, over four tourism development stages in Israel, is used to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of personal construct theory and the repertory grid method in tourist environmental cognition studies. Subsequently, methodological conclusions and suggestions about how to overcome the problems which arise in this study are drawn.

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