scholarly journals The Use of Meta-Surfaces in Vehicular Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara M. Masini ◽  
Cristiano M. Silva ◽  
Ali Balador
Keyword(s):  
Vehicular Networks ◽  
Wireless Access ◽  
Collision Probability ◽  
Ieee 802.11P ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Cooperative Driving ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Preliminary Model ◽  
Vulnerable Road Users ◽  
Potential Impact

Mobility as a service is becoming a new paradigm in the direction of travel planning on the basis of the best service offered by the travelled roads. Hence, the environment in which people move will become smarter and more and more connected to grant services along the whole path. This opens new challenges related not only to the on board connectivity and wireless access technologies, but also on the reliability and efficiency of the surrounding environment. In this context, reconfigurable meta-surfaces play a crucial role, since they can be used to coat buildings, vehicles or any other suitable surfaces and let the environment become an active part of the communication system by opportunistically redirecting (i.e., reflecting, without generating new waves) signals to the target receivers. The objective of this paper is to highlight the limits of current wireless access technologies for vehicular scenarios and to discuss the potential impact of a smart environment made of reconfigurable meta-surfaces on some next generation vehicular use cases, such as cooperative driving and vulnerable road users (VRUs) detection. In addition, a preliminary model is presented to derive, in a simplified way, the performance of an IEEE 802.11p network in terms of collision probability. Even if analytical and based on simplified assumptions, this model has been validated through simulations and allows to compare the performance of the network with and without reconfigurable meta-surfaces.

Study the Effect of Communication Delay for Perception and Collision Avoidance in Cooperative Autonomous Driving

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasenjit Ghorai ◽  
Azim Eskandarian ◽  
Young-Keun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Safety Information ◽  
Emergency Situation ◽  
Autonomous Driving ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Communication Delays ◽  
Dynamic Information ◽  
Cooperative Driving ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Detailed Simulation ◽  
Vulnerable Road Users

Abstract Cooperative perception through connectivity offers additional safety to autonomous driving by extending the field of view of the vehicles beyond their sensors. Critical safety information is passed among vehicles via wireless communications; therefore, communication among the vehicles in the system should be perfect and delay-free. In this article, an analytical study is proposed to show the effect of communication delays in a critical and emergency situation, where relying on the lead vehicle is so much crucial for an ego vehicle to avoid danger without any delay in sharing the dynamic information of on-road pedestrian or any such vulnerable road users. A simple and effective control algorithm is utilized based on distance modeling in a cooperative driving environment to control the vehicle’s longitudinal dynamics. A detailed simulation study using a dynamic model for both ego and lead vehicles, as well as a pedestrian on a hazardous on-road scenario, is presented to illustrate the effect of communication delays in autonomous driving.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of the AEB system in the context of the safety of vulnerable road users

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 977-993
Author(s):  
Monika Ucińska ◽  
Małgorzata Pełka
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Road Accident ◽  
Driver Assistance ◽  
Driver Assistance Systems ◽  
Emergency Braking ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Vulnerable Road Users ◽  
Assistance Systems ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
National Police

Abstract According to the analysis by the National Police Headquarters, roughly 40% of all road accident victims in Poland are vulnerable road users (VRU), i.e. pedestrians and cyclists. Their protection has become one of the priorities for action regarding road safety. For this purpose, various activities are carried out aimed not only at human behaviour or the development of modern and safe road infrastructures but also at the development of modern vehicles, including advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). In order to identify the limitations of the currently available driver assistance systems, designed to respond to VRU, research was carried out under the project name, “PEDICRASH: Safety aspects of VRU in CAD automated vehicles.” The project was aimed at increasing users’ awareness (both pedestrians and drivers) of the limitations of ADAS by analysing barriers and indicating recommendations allowing for more effective protection of pedestrians and cyclists due to the identified operating limitations of these systems. The research focused on the autonomous emergency braking (AEB) system and its potential impact on the level of road safety, with particular emphasis on VRU.

Bi-static Reflectivity Patterns of Vulnerable Road Users in the C-V2X Frequency Range

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Schwind ◽  
Willi Hofmann ◽  
Sreehari Buddappagari ◽  
Ralf Stephan ◽  
Reiner S. Thoma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Range ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Vulnerable Road Users

scholarly journals Predicting Motion of Vulnerable Road Users using High-Definition Maps and Efficient ConvNets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang-Chieh Chou ◽  
Tsung-Han Lin ◽  
Henggang Cui ◽  
Vladan Radosavljevic ◽  
Thi Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Definition ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Vulnerable Road Users

scholarly journals Shining Light on Retroreflectivity: Perceived Brightness of Surfaces with Varying Reflective Properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1815-1819
Author(s):  
Savana L. King ◽  
Ellen C. Szubski ◽  
Richard A. Tyrrell
Keyword(s):  
Entrance Angle ◽  
Road Signs ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Vulnerable Road Users

Typical road users appear not to understand retroreflectivity despite nightly exposure to retroreflective materials like road signs. A critical benefit of retroreflective materials is a robustness to changes in entrance angle, the angle at which light strikes the material. This study aims to measure observers’ perceived brightness judgments of surfaces representing three types of reflection (diffuse, specular, and retroreflective) when viewed under manipulations of entrance angle. Perceived brightness will be assessed before and during a demonstration including illumination from a source positioned near the observer’s eyes. Prior to the demonstration, observers are hypothesized to predict specular and retroreflective surfaces will have a consistent brightness despite changes in entrance angle. Seeing the retroreflectivity demo is expected to result in increased perceived brightness of only the retroreflective surfaces in the more extreme entrance angle conditions. Watching visual demonstrations of reflection, however, is expected to produce an enhanced appreciation that retroreflective (but not specular or diffuse) surfaces remain bright despite large changes in entrance angle. This evidence may eventually increase demand for retroreflective markings by vulnerable road users.

scholarly journals Autonomous Vehicles and Vulnerable Road-Users—Important Considerations and Requirements Based on Crash Data from Two Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Andrew Paul Morris ◽  
Narelle Haworth ◽  
Ashleigh Filtness ◽  
Daryl-Palma Asongu Nguatem ◽  
Laurie Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Road User ◽  
Red Light Running ◽  
Crash Data ◽  
Passenger Vehicles ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Vulnerable Road User ◽  
Vulnerable Road Users ◽  
Road Intersections

(1) Background: Passenger vehicles equipped with advanced driver-assistance system (ADAS) functionalities are becoming more prevalent within vehicle fleets. However, the full effects of offering such systems, which may allow for drivers to become less than 100% engaged with the task of driving, may have detrimental impacts on other road-users, particularly vulnerable road-users, for a variety of reasons. (2) Crash data were analysed in two countries (Great Britain and Australia) to examine some challenging traffic scenarios that are prevalent in both countries and represent scenarios in which future connected and autonomous vehicles may be challenged in terms of safe manoeuvring. (3) Road intersections are currently very common locations for vulnerable road-user accidents; traffic flows and road-user behaviours at intersections can be unpredictable, with many vehicles behaving inconsistently (e.g., red-light running and failure to stop or give way), and many vulnerable road-users taking unforeseen risks. (4) Conclusions: The challenges of unpredictable vulnerable road-user behaviour at intersections (including road-users violating traffic or safe-crossing signals, or taking other risks) combined with the lack of knowledge of CAV responses to intersection rules, could be problematic. This could be further compounded by changes to nonverbal communication that currently exist between road-users, which could become more challenging once CAVs become more widespread.

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