scholarly journals Evapotranspiration Measurements and Assessment of Driving Factors: A Comparison of Different Green Roof Systems during Summer in Germany

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1334
Author(s):  
Dominik Gößner ◽  
Milena Mohri ◽  
Justine Jasmin Krespach
Keyword(s):  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Partial Least Square Regression ◽  
Roof System

Green roofs have proven to be a space-saving solution to mitigate peak temperatures and control floods in urban areas through evaporative cooling and storm water retention. To encourage a sustainable city design with large-scale green infrastructure networks, a better differentiation between the diverse existing green roof systems is needed. The aim of this study is to demonstrate differences among green roof systems based on comprehensive microclimatic measurements on four small experimental roofs and to assess differences in evapotranspiration with a partial least square regression. The results show that short-wave solar radiation, relative humidity and water availability are the most important drivers of evapotranspiration. The roof system with permanent water storage maintained significantly higher substrate moisture compared to the other roofs and produced peak evapotranspiration rates of 4.88 mm d−1. The highest total evapo-transpiration of 526 mm from April to September was recorded for the roof system with the thickest substrate layer and grass vegetation. In summer, the shallowest roof showed the highest substrate temperature and air temperature at vegetation level. These findings highlight the importance of specifying the characteristics of the various green roofs in order to turn them into useful planning tools for the design of climate-change-resilient cities.

scholarly journals A review of green roof incentives as motivators for the expansion of green infrastructure in European cities

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Burszta-Adamiak ◽  
Wiesław Fiałkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
European Cities

Nowadays green roofs play a key role in alleviating the negative effects of urbanization. Despite investors awareness of the advantages of green roofs, there are still some barriers that hinder investments on a large scale. As a result a financial and non-financial incentives are implemented. The review presented in this paper allowed to identify the most popular initiatives and to formulate recommendations for creating incentive supporting implementation of green roofs in urban areas.

scholarly journals Life cycle benefits and challenges of large – scale green roof implementation in a mediterranean compact city: the case of Thessaloniki

2021 ◽  
Vol 899 (1) ◽  
pp. 012010
Author(s):  
E Koroxenidis ◽  
T Theodosiou
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Waste Production

Abstract Green roof installation is considered to be an effective practice in restoring green spaces to high – density urban areas, in an effort to mitigate environmental problems that arise from their growing expansion. The present study attempts to further investigate this claim by assessing the environmental and economic life cycle benefits and challenges of two extensive green roof large – scale implementation scenarios (on existing or on well – insulated roofs) in the compact mediterranean city of Thessaloniki, Greece. In both scenarios green roofs provided energy savings (13-19%), greenhouse gas emissions (22-29%) and waste production (57-60%) reductions but also led to a significant increase in water consumption (279-291%), with performance being better in the latter case. They also accrued significant public economic benefits in both a low and high discount rate scenario, although they were not an efficient choice for private owners in the second one. These results seem to imply that green roofs could potentially be a viable urban green infrastructure solution, if their water use is minimized in a sustainable way and additional state incentives are considered.

scholarly journals Surface temperature analysis of conventional roof and different use forms of the green roof

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 632-640
Author(s):  
Anna Baryła ◽  
Agnieszka Bus ◽  
Agnieszka Karczmarczyk ◽  
Joanna Witkowska-Dobrev
Keyword(s):  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Thermal Imaging System

Increasing urban populations raises a number of problems and risks that are strengthened by observed and projected climate change. An increase in green areas (so-called green infrastructure) has turned out to be an effective means of lowering temperature in the city. Green roofs can be one of the possible measures leading to achieving this aim. The aim of the study was the analysis of temperature changes of different roof surfaces (conventional roof, board, intensive roof substrate without plant cover, substrate covered with plants (shrubs). Studies on comparing the temperature between a conventional roof and green roofs were carried out in the period from April to September 2015 on the roof of the building of the Faculty of Modern Languages, University of Warsaw. The measurement was performed using the FLIR SC620 thermal imaging system. As a result of the tests, it was found that in the summer months the differences between the temperature of the green roof and the conventional roof amounted to a maximum of 31.3°C. The obtained results showed that the roof with vegetation can signifi cantly contribute to the mitigation of the urban heat island phenomenon in urban areas during summer periods.

The effect of drainage height on plant-species composition on a semi-arid green roof system

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 149-155
Author(s):  
Har'el Agra ◽  
Hadar Shalom ◽  
Omar Bawab ◽  
Gyongyver J. Kadas ◽  
Leon Blaustein
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Plant Species Composition ◽  
Roof System ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract Green roofs are expected to contribute to higher biodiversity in urban surroundings. Typically, green roofs have been designed with low plant diversity. However, plant diversity can be enhanced by controlling resource availability and creating distinct niches. Here we hypothesize that by using different drainage heights during the short plant-growing season in a semi-arid green roof system we can create distinct niches and plant communities. Our experiment took place at the University of Haifa, north Israel. We tested three different heights of drainage outlet: 10 cm under the surface of the substrate (Low), 1 cm under the surface of the substrate (Medium) and 3 cm above the surface of the substrate (High) on plant species-composition in green-roof gardens. Grasses cover was higher in High and Medium drainages while forbs cover was higher in Low drainage. Species richness was the highest in Low drainage while diversity indices showed the opposite trend. We conclude that by changing the height of the drainage we can create different niches and change species composition in a short time period of one growing season. This way we can create more diverse green roof communities and enhance biodiversity in urban areas, particularly in semi-arid regions.

scholarly journals Hyperspectral Shortwave Infrared Image Analysis for Detection of Adulterants in Almond Powder with One-Class Classification Method

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 5855
Author(s):  
Mohammad Akbar Faqeerzada ◽  
Santosh Lohumi ◽  
Geonwoo Kim ◽  
Rahul Joshi ◽  
Hoonsoo Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Partial Least Square Regression ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
One Class Classifier ◽  
Shortwave Infrared

The widely used techniques for analyzing the quality of powdered food products focus on targeted detection with a low-throughput screening of samples. Owing to potentially significant health threats and large-scale adulterations, food regulatory agencies and industries require rapid and non-destructive analytical techniques for the detection of unexpected compounds present in products. Accordingly, shortwave-infrared hyperspectral imaging (SWIR-HSI) for high throughput authenticity analysis of almond powder was investigated in this study. Two different varieties of almond powder, adulterated with apricot and peanut powder at different concentrations, were imaged using the SWIR-HSI system. A one-class classifier technique, known as data-driven soft independent modeling of class analogy (DD-SIMCA), was used on collected data sets of pure and adulterated samples. A partial least square regression (PLSR) model was further developed to predict adulterant concentrations in almond powder. Classification results from DD-SIMCA yielded 100% sensitivity and 89–100% specificity for different validation sets of adulterated samples. The results obtained from the PLSR analysis yielded a high determination coefficient (R2) and low error values (<1%) for each variety of almond powder adulterated with apricot; however, a relatively higher error rates of 2.5% and 4.4% for the two varieties of almond powder adulterated with peanut powder, which indicates the performance of quantitative analysis model could vary with sample condition, such as variety, originality, etc. PLSR-based concentration mapped images visually characterized the adulterant (apricot) concentration in the almond powder. These results demonstrate that the SWIR-HSI technique combined with the one-class classifier DD-SIMCA can be used effectively for a high-throughput quality screening of almond powder regarding potential adulteration.

scholarly journals Detection of malaria in insectary-reared Anopheles gambiae using near-infrared spectroscopy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta F. Maia ◽  
Melissa Kapulu ◽  
Michelle Muthui ◽  
Martin G. Wagah ◽  
Heather M. Ferguson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Partial Least Square Regression ◽  
Human Malaria ◽  
The Impact

AbstractLarge-scale surveillance of mosquito populations is crucial to assess the intensity of vector-borne disease transmission and the impact of control interventions. However, there is a lack of accurate, cost-effective and high-throughput tools for mass-screening of vectors. This study demonstrates proof-of-concept that near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is capable of rapidly identifying laboratory strains of human malaria infection in African mosquito vectors. By using partial least square regression models based on malaria-infected and uninfected Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, we showed that NIRS can detect oocyst- and sporozoite-stage Plasmodium falciparum infections with 88% and 95% accuracy, respectively. Accurate, low-cost, reagent-free screening of mosquito populations enabled by NIRS could revolutionize surveillance and elimination strategies for the most important human malaria parasite in its primary African vector species. Further research is needed to evaluate how the method performs in the field following adjustments in the training datasets to include data from wild-caught infected and uninfected mosquitoes.

scholarly journals Green Roofing in Indiana: Case Studies and Design Notes

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 50-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Altor
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
The State ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Roof Design

Green roof technology and implementation are taking root in North America at an accelerating pace. Growing recognition of the benefits of green roofs and increasing interest in green infrastructure are leading to expansion of green roof technologies that have been in use for decades in Europe and elsewhere. While some regions have adopted the use of green roofs on a large scale, other areas are warming up to the concept more slowly. Large-scale implementation of green roofs has not yet occurred in Indiana, but a number of exemplary projects have been constructed, and there are signs that interest in the technology is increasing in the state. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of green roof technology, analyze selected green roofs in Indiana, explore trends in the state, and address issues for future development of green roof technology in the region. A variety of green roofs were investigated throughout the state. Discussions were held with individuals involved in each project to obtain technical and logistical details of green roof design, installation, and performance.

scholarly journals Initial insights on the biodiversity potential of biosolar roofs: a London Olympic Park green roof case study

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 74-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Nash ◽  
J. Clough ◽  
D. Gedge ◽  
R. Lindsay ◽  
D. Newport ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Pv Panel ◽  
The Face ◽  
Roof Design ◽  
Sustainable Futures

Cities dominated by impervious artificial surfaces can experience a multitude of negative environmental impacts. Restoration of green infrastructure has been identified as a mechanism for increasing urban resilience, enabling cities to transition towards sustainable futures in the face of climate-driven change. Building rooftops represent a viable space for integrating new green infrastructure into high-density urban areas. Urban rooftops also provide prime locations for photovoltaic (PV) systems. There is an increasing recognition that these two technologies can be combined to deliver reciprocal benefits in terms of energy efficiency and biodiversity targets. Scarcity of scientific evaluation of the interaction between PVs and green roofs means that the potential benefits are currently poorly understood. This study documents evidence from a biodiversity monitoring study of a substantial biosolar roof installed in the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. Vegetation and invertebrate communities were sampled and habitat structure measured in relation to habitat niches on the roof, including PV panels. Ninety-two plant species were recorded on the roof and variation in vegetation structure associated with proximity to PV panels was identified. Almost 50% of target invertebrate species collected were designated of conservation importance. Arthropod distribution varied in relation to habitat niches on the roof. The overall aim of the Main Press Centre building green roof design was to create a mosaic of habitats to enhance biodiversity, and the results of the study suggest that PV panels can contribute to niche diversity on a green roof. Further detailed study is required to fully characterise the effects of PV panel density on biodiversity.

scholarly journals Field based remote sensing models predict radiation use efficiency in wheat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos A Robles-Zazueta ◽  
Gemma Molero ◽  
Francisco Pinto ◽  
M John Foulkes ◽  
Matthew P Reynolds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Partial Least Square Regression ◽  
Radiation Use Efficiency ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Ground Truth Data ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Radiation Use

Abstract Wheat yields are stagnating or declining in many regions, requiring efforts to improve the light conversion efficiency, i.e. radiation use efficiency (RUE). RUE is a key trait in plant physiology because it links light capture and primary metabolism with biomass accumulation and yield, but its measurement is time consuming and this has limited its use in fundamental research and large scale physiological breeding. In this study, high-throughput phenotyping (HTPP) approaches were used among a population of field grown wheat with variation in RUE and photosynthetic traits to build predictive models of RUE, biomass and intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR). Three approaches were used: best combination of sensors, canopy vegetation indices and partial least square regression. The use of remote sensing models predicted RUE with up to 70% accuracy compared to ground truth data. Water indices and NDVI are the better option to predict RUE, biomass and IPAR, and indices related to NPQ (PRI) and senescence (SIPI) are better predictors for these traits at the vegetative and grain filling stages respectively. These models will be instrumental to explain canopy processes, improve crop growth, yield modelling, and potentially be used to predict RUE in different crops or ecosystems.

scholarly journals Influence of environmental factors on retention of extensive green roofs with different substrate composition

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 00026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Baryła ◽  
Agnieszka Karczmarczyk ◽  
Agnieszka Bus ◽  
Edyta Hewelke
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Statistical Regression ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Organic Mineral ◽  
Local Ecosystem

Increasing recognition is being given to the adaption of green roofs in urban areas to enhance the local ecosystem. Green roofs may bring several benefits to urban areas including flood mitigation Analysis of environmental factors affecting the outflow of green roofs is the subject of many studies. The work assessed how environmental factors moisture of structural layers and antecedent dry weather period influence the retention on two types of green roof substrates. The monitoring of environmental factors and amount of runoff was carried out on two models of green roofs covered by extensive vegetation (mosssedum-herbs) with substrates of an organic-mineral and mineral composition for 8 months. A statistical regression approach identified potential antecedent meteorological factors and moisture indicators of extensive green-roof retention. Continuous field monitoring data revealed the combined effects of rainfall depth and antecedent dry weather period to explain the measured stormwater retention under a moderate climate conditions regime. It is important to incorporate site-specific planning and assessment prior to green infrastructure design.

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