scholarly journals A Framework for Reviewing Silvopastoralism: A New Zealand Hill Country Case Study

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1386
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Mackay-Smith ◽  
Lucy Burkitt ◽  
Janet Reid ◽  
Ignacio F. López ◽  
Chris Phillips
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Silvopastoral Systems ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Country Case Study ◽  
Specific Outcome

Silvopastoral systems can be innovative solutions to agricultural environmental degradation, especially in hilly and mountainous regions. A framework that expresses the holistic nature of silvopastoral systems is required so research directions can be unbiased and informed. This paper presents a novel framework that relates the full range of known silvopastoral outcomes to bio-physical tree attributes, and uses it to generate research priorities for a New Zealand hill country case study. Current research is reviewed and compared for poplar (Populus spp.), the most commonly planted silvopastoral tree in New Zealand hill country, and kānuka (Kunzea spp.), a novel and potentially promising native alternative. The framework highlights the many potential benefits of kānuka, many of which are underappreciated hill country silvopastoral outcomes, and draws attention to the specific outcome research gaps for poplar, despite their widespread use. The framework provides a formalised tool for reviewing and generating research priorities for silvopastoral trees, and provides a clear example of how it can be used to inform research directions in silvopastoral systems, globally.

scholarly journals What is the Relationship between  Science and Spatial Conflict in  Aquaculture?  A New Zealand Case Study in  Environmental Controversy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Meghan Collins
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
Policy Frameworks ◽  
Aquaculture Development

<p>Aquaculture development in New Zealand (NZ) is a politically controversial topic that is reliant on science for decision-making. Aquaculture causes conflict over use of marine space because the ecosystem is rich with overlapping values and uses, such as recreation, fishing and biodiversity. Science helps decision-makers understand aquaculture's effects on other stakeholders and the environment. This case study investigates the role that science and scientists have in addressing spatial conflict in NZ aquaculture. This is approached from three angles: policy frameworks, scientific knowledge, and the challenges to utilising scientific knowledge in policy frameworks. Data were drawn from documentary analysis and fifty-two semi-structured interviews with members of the aquaculture policy community, marine scientists, and stakeholders in the marine ecosystem.  The results of this case study are as follows. First, the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) framework employs science to make normative planning decisions. Where there is controversy over planning decisions, science represents different interests in debates over spatial allocation. Second, regarding scientific knowledge, beliefs and policy goals for aquaculture science appear to be oriented towards commercial, civic and Māori epistemologies. Commercial science is the narrowest of the three for considering the full range of values in the debate over aquaculture. Third, when science is used in policy debates, interviewees perceive it to be politicized, revealing the assumption that science should be neutral and objective. Misinformation and mistrust of scientists are barriers to using science effectively to address spatial conflict.  This research suggests that science politicization of science may be a natural part of aquaculture development, which implies that the links between science and values must be made transparent to allow debate. It is necessary to ensure appropriate and adequate opportunity for deliberation about the principles and values for use and non-use of space. This removes the focus from employing 'right' and 'wrong' scientific facts to influence the political process. This type of debate is supported by civic-oriented science.</p>

scholarly journals What is the Relationship between  Science and Spatial Conflict in  Aquaculture?  A New Zealand Case Study in  Environmental Controversy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Meghan Collins
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
Policy Frameworks ◽  
Aquaculture Development

<p>Aquaculture development in New Zealand (NZ) is a politically controversial topic that is reliant on science for decision-making. Aquaculture causes conflict over use of marine space because the ecosystem is rich with overlapping values and uses, such as recreation, fishing and biodiversity. Science helps decision-makers understand aquaculture's effects on other stakeholders and the environment. This case study investigates the role that science and scientists have in addressing spatial conflict in NZ aquaculture. This is approached from three angles: policy frameworks, scientific knowledge, and the challenges to utilising scientific knowledge in policy frameworks. Data were drawn from documentary analysis and fifty-two semi-structured interviews with members of the aquaculture policy community, marine scientists, and stakeholders in the marine ecosystem.  The results of this case study are as follows. First, the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) framework employs science to make normative planning decisions. Where there is controversy over planning decisions, science represents different interests in debates over spatial allocation. Second, regarding scientific knowledge, beliefs and policy goals for aquaculture science appear to be oriented towards commercial, civic and Māori epistemologies. Commercial science is the narrowest of the three for considering the full range of values in the debate over aquaculture. Third, when science is used in policy debates, interviewees perceive it to be politicized, revealing the assumption that science should be neutral and objective. Misinformation and mistrust of scientists are barriers to using science effectively to address spatial conflict.  This research suggests that science politicization of science may be a natural part of aquaculture development, which implies that the links between science and values must be made transparent to allow debate. It is necessary to ensure appropriate and adequate opportunity for deliberation about the principles and values for use and non-use of space. This removes the focus from employing 'right' and 'wrong' scientific facts to influence the political process. This type of debate is supported by civic-oriented science.</p>

A Virtual Careers Fair

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhonda Leece
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Graduate Employment ◽  
Regional University ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Australian Universities

In Australia, careers fairs have traditionally been one of the avenues used by major companies to recruit their graduate staff. Most Australian universities have a one- or two-day event of this type to promote their graduates to employers and to expose their students to employment opportunities. Attendance at careers fairs is expensive for employers, and problematic for students who may be studying externally or working part-time. The concept of a Virtual Careers Fair was initially a response to the difficulties of providing a careers event that would be accessible to employers and the full range of students at a regional university. This case study examines the effectiveness of the Virtual Careers Fair in providing graduate employment information to students in Australia and New Zealand.

scholarly journals Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum): its history and current and future research in New Zealand

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 61-72
Author(s):  
M.L. Smetham
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Moisture Deficit ◽  
History Of ◽  
Future Research Directions

This review covers the history of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and its present occurrence in New Zealand; a review of research and conclusions to be drawn from this; and examines past and future research directions. Subterranean clover has been important in terms of area of use in New Zealand since the late 1930's. Today it makes a significant contribution to pasture production on steep, north-facing North Island hill country where effective rainfall is low, and in other areas where soil moisture drops below wilting point for between 2 weeks and 5 months of the year. Research has identified the superiority of cultivars possessing a compact, ground-hugging habit of growth, and flowering late, in late October - early November, for use in North Island hill country. In drier areas, more research is needed to identify superior cultivars, although there is evidence that lines in the mid-season or early mid-season flowering groups may be appropriate. A major problem for the use of subterranean clovers in New Zealand is the slow breakdown of hardseededness. About 7 M ha of land in New Zealand is mapped as being subject to slight to severe moisture deficit (an area which could with advantage support subterranean clover), but further research is needed to identify appropriate cultivars for 4.8 M ha or more of this area. Key words: history, New Zealand, research, Trifolium subterraneum

scholarly journals Sire Effects on Post-Weaning Growth of Beef-Cross-Dairy Cattle: A Case Study in New Zealand

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2313
Author(s):  
Natalia Martín ◽  
Nicola Schreurs ◽  
Stephen Morris ◽  
Nicolás López-Villalobos ◽  
Julie McDade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Daily Growth Rate ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Progeny Group

Little is known about the growth performance of beef sires used over dairy cows in New Zealand. This experiment aimed to evaluate the growth of Angus and Hereford sires via progeny testing of beef-cross-dairy offspring born to dairy cows and grown on hill country pasture. Live weights at 131, 200, 400, 600 and 800 days were analysed from a dataset of 5208 records from 1101 progeny of 73 sires. The means of the progeny group means for live weight were 118.6 kg at 131 days, 159.1 kg at 200 days, 284.2 kg at 400 days, 427.0 kg at 600 days and 503.6 kg at 800 days, and the overall daily growth rate was 0.58 kg/day from 131 to 800 days. The sire affected (p < 0.05) the live weight of their progeny at all ages. Differences in live weights between the lightest and heaviest progeny group means increased from 19 kg at 131 days to 90 kg at 800 days. Even though growth of calves was likely restricted to 200 days, live weight at 200 days explained 51–56% of the variation in live weights at 400 and 600 days (p < 0.05). Thus, the use of beef sires selected for growth has the potential to increase the live weight of cattle born on dairy farms for meat production.

scholarly journals Silvopastoralism using tended poplars on New Zealand hill country: The opportunities

1999 ◽  
pp. 85-89
Author(s):  
E. Mcgregor ◽  
A. Mackay ◽  
M. Dodd ◽  
P. Kemp
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Rural Landscape ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Hill Country

The view of the presenters of this paper is that more trees need to be integrated into New Zealand farming systems. This is particularly relevant to some 3.7 million ha of North Island hill lands that require significant soil conservation measures. Trees have numerous benefits beyond soil conservation and these are outlined. The simplest and most effective means of implementing a large scale strategy of tree planting on land dominated by livestock farming enterprises is likely to be through the use of wide-spaced tended poplars. It is our perception that the full range of benefits (and costs) is not well appreciated within the industry, and so we have attempted to summarise and discuss them here. We have adopted the perspective of the individual farmer, who in the end is the one who will determine the role of trees in the rural landscape. Keywords: conservation, hill country farming, landscape, poplar, silvopastoralism, soil conservation

Participation as exclusion: Māori engagement with the Crown Minerals Act 1991 Block Offer process

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Bargh ◽  
Estair Van Wagner
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Environmental Planning ◽  
Mineral Exploration ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Aotearoa New Zealand ◽  
Colonial Authority ◽  
Mining Law ◽  
Mineral Prospecting

Land and natural resources are at the core of conflicts between Indigenous peoples and Settlers in settler-colonial nations. This article explores the coloniality of natural resource law in the context of the New Zealand Crown Minerals Act 1991 (CMA) Block Offer process; the annual tender process for mineral prospecting and exploration. While there is often strong Māori participation, we will argue that Aotearoa New Zealand settler-colonial mining law is structured in such a way that Māori views rarely influence the substantive outcomes of mineral exploration decisions. Through a case study of the 2013 Epithermal Gold Block Offer in the Central North Island, we will explore the factors that might contribute to the mismatch between the level of Māori participation and the influence of Māori views on final decisions in the Block Offer process. We examine how different views are valued by bureaucrats within New Zealand Petroleum and Minerals, a government agency within the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, and explore whether the criteria applied to Māori submissions genuinely and appropriately reflect the full range of interests, aspirations and concerns raised by Māori participants. In particular, we consider how mining regulation is structured to exclude Māori law and jurisdiction in order to uphold settler-colonial authority over key natural resources and extractivist economies. Finally, we consider alternatives to the CMA process and explore the potential to ensure substantive outcomes that better reflect the Māori views and interests. In doing so we point to the need to shift from colonial extractivist models of natural resources law towards Settler-Indigenous partnerships in relation to environmental planning in settler-colonial states.

The Use of Neuroplastic Principles Affects the Swallow Motor Plan of a Patient in Severe Cognitive Decline: A Case Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (15) ◽  
pp. 79-83
Author(s):  
Ed Bice ◽  
Kristine E. Galek
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Verbal Cues ◽  
Motor Plan ◽  
Bolus Size ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Dysphagia is common in patients with dementia. Dysphagia occurs as a result of changes in the sensory and motor function of the swallow (Easterling, 2007). It is known that the central nervous system can undergo experience-dependent plasticity, even in those individuals with dementia (Park & Bischof, 2013). The purpose of this study was to explore whether or not the use of neuroplastic principles would improve the swallow motor plan and produce positive outcomes of a patient in severe cognitive decline. The disordered swallow motor plan was manipulated by focusing on a neuroplastic principles of frequency (repetition), velocity of movement (speed of presentation), reversibility (Use it or Lose it), specificity and adaptation, intensity (bolus size), and salience (Crary & Carnaby-Mann, 2008). After five therapeutic sessions, the patient progressed from holding solids in her mouth with decreased swallow initiation to independently consuming a regular diet with full range of liquids with no oral retention and no verbal cues.

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