scholarly journals Evaluation of Serum and Urine Amino Acids in Dogs with Chronic Kidney Disease and Healthy Dogs Fed a Renal Diet

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 844
Author(s):  
Marcio Antonio Brunetto ◽  
Doris Pereira Halfen ◽  
Larissa Wunsche Risolia ◽  
Vivian Pedrinelli ◽  
Douglas Segalla Caragelasco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Renal Diet ◽  
Healthy Dogs ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Urinary Amino

This observational study aimed to evaluate serum and urinary amino acid (AA) concentrations in healthy dogs and dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD) fed a commercial therapeutic renal diet with reduced protein and phosphorus levels. Ten dogs with CKD stages 3 or 4 composed the study group and received the renal diet for 180 days (RG T180). A control group (CG T30) composed of seven healthy dogs was fed a renal diet for 30 days. When comparing serum AA between RG T180 and CG T30, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, cysteine, citrulline, ornithine, taurine, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), and total essential amino acids (EAA) were higher in RG T180. Meanwhile, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, glutamine, serine, and tyrosine were higher in CG T30. Serum phenylalanine, tryptophan, and hydroxyproline were higher in RG T0 (dogs with CKD before consuming a renal diet) when compared to RG T180. In addition, the serum ratios of arginine/citrulline, tyrosine/phenylalanine, and serine/glycine were higher in CG T30 than in RG T180. Concerning urinary AA concentrations in CKD dogs, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, aspartate, cysteine, and BCAA were higher in RG T180. In urine, the total EAA/total non-essential AA ratio in RG T180 was higher than in CG T30 as well as tyrosine/phenylalanine ratio higher in CG T30. In conclusion, the combination of renal diet and conservative treatment over 6 months in dogs with CKD stages 3 or 4 affected the AAs metabolism when compared to healthy adult dogs.

scholarly journals Branched-Chain Amino Acids Have Equivalent Effects to Other Essential Amino Acids on Lifespan and Aging-Related Traits in Drosophila

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Juricic ◽  
Sebastian Grönke ◽  
Linda Partridge
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Compensatory Feeding ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Branched Chain

Abstract Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) have been suggested to be particularly potent activators of Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signaling. Moreover, increased circulating BCAAs are associated with higher risk of insulin resistance and diabetes in both mice and humans, and with increased mortality in mice. However, it remains unknown if BCAAs play a more prominent role in longevity than do other essential amino acids (EAAs). To test for a more prominent role of BCAAs in lifespan and related traits in Drosophila, we restricted either BCAAs or a control group of three other EAAs, threonine, histidine and lysine (THK). BCAA restriction induced compensatory feeding, lipid accumulation, stress resistance and amelioration of age-related gut pathology. It also extended lifespan in a dietary-nitrogen-dependent manner. Importantly, the control restriction of THK had similar effects on these phenotypes. Our control diet was designed to have every EAA equally limiting for growth and reproduction, and our findings therefore suggest that the level of the most limiting EAAs in the diet, rather than the specific EAAs that are limiting, determines the response of these phenotypes to EAA restriction.

scholarly journals The value of a low-protein diet and ketoanalogues of essential amino acids in the сontrol of protein carbamylation and toxic effects of urea in chronic kidney disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 729-735
Author(s):  
Nataliia A. Mikhailova
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Uremic Toxins ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by high mortality from cardiovascular diseases, the development of which is facilitated by traditional risk factors (typical for the general population) and by nontraditional ones (specific to patients with CKD) as well. These factors include also uremic toxins, for which a causal relationship has been established with specific pathological processes in patients with CKD, comprising the development of vascular dysfunction and accelerated progression of atherosclerosis. Urea has long been considered not as a uremic toxin, but as a marker of metabolic imbalance or dialysis efficiency (Kt/V) in CKD patients. In recent years, more and more publications have appeared on the study of the toxic effects of urea with the development of toxic-uremic complications and the phenotype of premature aging, common in CKD. It was found that an increase in urea levels in uremic syndrome causes damage to the intestinal epithelial barrier with translocation of bacterial toxins into the bloodstream and the development of systemic inflammation, provokes apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells, as well as endothelial dysfunction, which directly contributes to the development of cardiovascular complications. The indirect effects of increased urea levels are associated with carbamylation reactions, when isocyanic acid (a product of urea catabolism) changes the structure and function of proteins in the body. Carbamylation of proteins in CKD patients is associated with the development of renal fibrosis, atherosclerosis and anemia. Thus, urea is now regarded as an important negative agent in the pathogenesis of complications in CKD. Studies on a low-protein diet with using ketoanalogues of essential amino acids to minimize the accumulation of urea and other uremic toxins demonstrate the clinical benefit of such an intervention in slowing the progression of CKD and the development of cardiovascular complications.

scholarly journals Thrombin generation and thromboelastometry tests in dogs with chronic kidney disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-120
Author(s):  
Daniele S. Gonçalves ◽  
Silvano S. Geraldes ◽  
Rita Carolina F. Duarte ◽  
Maria das Graças Carvalho ◽  
Priscylla Tatiana C. Guimarães-Okamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Thrombin Generation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fibrinogen Concentration ◽  
Discrete State ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Bleeding Episodes ◽  
Healthy Dogs

ABSTRACT: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have paradoxical hemostatic potential because they have bleeding episodes but are also prone to thrombosis. Few studies have evaluated blood viscoelastic properties in dogs with kidney disease; on the other hand, hypercoagulability has been observed in these patients. It is also emphasized that the platelet function and its participation in this process have not yet been fully understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the Thrombin Generation Test (TGT) and also viscoelastic properties of the blood measured by thromboelastometry (TEM) in dogs with proteinuria in CKD. Twenty healthy dogs (Control Group) and 19 dogs with CKD in stage III or IV, classified according to International Renal Interest Society - IRIS, were selected, and the reference test of urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPCR) should be greater than one (CKD group). Blood samples for TEM, thrombin generation, Prothrombin Time (PT), activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT), and fibrinogen concentration was collected at a single time for both groups after inclusion criteria being confirmed. Statistical analysis was performed according to the distribution of variables at 5% significance level. Differences were observed between healthy dogs and those with proteinuria in CKD noted in TEM. The TGT was unable to differentiate between sick and healthy groups. However, when the nephropathy was stratified, increases in TTP and peak thrombin concentration by TGT were observed in females and dogs over 30 days of diagnosis of CKD. Both tests signaled a discrete state of hypercoagulability. In fact, TEM is more sensitive to detect hypercoagulability in dogs with CKD. However, the TGT has potential clinical application by allowing long-term sample storage.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SILAGE PROTEIN DEGRADATION AND PLASMA AMINO ACID RATIOS IN THE CONTROL OF FOOD INTAKE BY LAMBS FED ENSILED AND FRESH ALFALFA

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1029-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. FLORES ◽  
L. E. PHILLIP ◽  
D. M. VEIRA ◽  
M. IVAN
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Fresh Frozen ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Particle Length

Alfalfa (30% dry matter) was harvested with a particle length of 0.6 cm, conserved fresh (frozen) or as silage and fed to eight lambs during two 27-d periods. The ensiling process resulted in substantial degradation of lysine, threonine, histidine, arginine, tryptophan and tyrosine in the original herbage. Isoleucine, leucine and valine resisted degradation during ensilage. As a consequence of these changes, the ratios of tyrosine: large neutral amino acids and tyrosine: phenylalanine (TYR:LNAA and TYR:PHE) were markedly lower in ensiled compared to fresh alfalfa (0.035 vs. 0.051 and 0.235 vs. 0.313, respectively) but these ratios in plasma were higher (P < 0.05) with silage than with fresh forage (0.114 vs. 0.095 and 1.020 vs. 0.997). Ensiling of alfalfa resulted in a 19% reduction in silage intake but the response did not correlate with changes in plasma ratios of TYR:LNAA and TYR:PHE. Nitrogen retention was 27% lower with ensiled than with fresh alfalfa. Plasma levels of branched chain and other essential amino acids tended to be higher with fresh than ensiled forage but the difference was not significant. It is concluded that the reduction in food intake with alfalfa silage was unrelated to changes in specific ratios of amino acids in plasma but could be related to the supply of essential amino acids to the intestine of lambs. Key words: Silage intake, lambs, nitrogen balance, plasma amino acids, alfalfa

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