scholarly journals Metabolomics Insights into Chemical Convergence in Xanthomonas perforans and Metabolic Changes Following Treatment with the Small Molecule Carvacrol

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 879
Author(s):  
Mustafa Ojonuba Jibrin ◽  
Qingchun Liu ◽  
Joy Guingab-Cagmat ◽  
Jeffrey B. Jones ◽  
Timothy J. Garrett ◽  
...  

Microbes are natural chemical factories and their metabolome comprise diverse arrays of chemicals. The genus Xanthomonas comprises some of the most important plant pathogens causing devastating yield losses globally and previous studies suggested that species in the genus are untapped chemical minefields. In this study, we applied an untargeted metabolomics approach to study the metabolome of a globally spread important xanthomonad, X. perforans. The pathogen is difficult to manage, but recent studies suggest that the small molecule carvacrol was efficient in disease control. Bacterial strains were treated with carvacrol, and samples were taken at time intervals (1 and 6 h). An untreated control was also included. There were five replicates for each sample and samples were prepared for metabolomics profiling using the standard procedure. Metabolomics profiling was carried out using a thermo Q-Exactive orbitrap mass spectrometer with Dionex ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and an autosampler. Annotation of significant metabolites using the Metabolomics Standards Initiative level 2 identified an array of novel metabolites that were previously not reported in Xanthomonas perforans. These metabolites include methoxybrassinin and cyclobrassinone, which are known metabolites of brassicas; sarmentosin, a metabolite of the Passiflora-heliconiine butterfly system; and monatin, a naturally occurring sweetener found in Sclerochiton ilicifolius. To our knowledge, this is the first report of these metabolites in a microbial system. Other significant metabolites previously identified in non-Xanthomonas systems but reported in this study include maculosin; piperidine; β-carboline alkaloids, such as harman and derivatives; and several important medically relevant metabolites, such as valsartan, metharbital, pirbuterol, and ozagrel. This finding is consistent with convergent evolution found in reported biological systems. Analyses of the effect of carvacrol in time-series and associated pathways suggest that carvacrol has a global effect on the metabolome of X. perforans, showing marked changes in metabolites that are critical in energy biosynthesis and degradation pathways, amino acid pathways, nucleic acid pathways, as well as the newly identified metabolites whose pathways are unknown. This study provides the first insight into the X. perforans metabolome and additionally lays a metabolomics-guided foundation for characterization of novel metabolites and pathways in xanthomonad systems.

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingchun Liu ◽  
Kang Qiao ◽  
Shouan Zhang

Carvacrol, a plant-derived volatile small molecule, is effective against various agents that can cause damage to humans, the food processing industry, and plants, and is considered a safe substance for human consumption. In this short communication, previous studies on the effectiveness of carvacrol against various agents, particularly plant pathogens and their associated mechanisms are described. In our study, carvacrol was found to be effective on media against several soilborne pathogens and in planta against three foliar pathogens (Xanthomonas perforans, Alternaria tomatophila, and Podosphaeraxanthii) of important vegetable crops in south Florida of the United States. Current research findings indicated that the effectiveness of carvacrol against various plant pathogens tested was associated with its direct bactericidal/fungicidal effect, which was affected greatly by its volatility. Development of new formulations to overcome the volatility and to prolong the effectiveness of carvacrol was also presented. Our studies on carvacrol suggested that, with advanced development of new formulations, carvacrol could be used as a promising tool in the integrated pest management for bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens of important vegetable crops in Florida, the USA, and the world.


2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. M111.011015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Michalski ◽  
Eugen Damoc ◽  
Jan-Peter Hauschild ◽  
Oliver Lange ◽  
Andreas Wieghaus ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Xu ◽  
Yuan Gao ◽  
Zhong Chen ◽  
Guochun Zhao ◽  
Jiming Liu ◽  
...  

Abstract Soapberry (Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.) is a multi-functional tree, which is widely used in daily chemicals, biomedicine, biomass energy and landscaping. The pericarp of soapberry can be used as medicine or detergent. However, there is no systematic study on chemical constituents of soapberry pericarp in fruit development, and the dynamic changes of these constituents are far from clear. In this study, we applied a non-targeted metabolomics approach using an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-Q Exactive HF hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer (UHPLC-QE-HF-MS) to comprehensively profile the variations of metabolites in soapberry pericarp at eight fruit development stages. The metabolome coverage of UHPLC-QE-HF-MS on a HILIC column was higher than that of a C18 column. A total of 111 metabolites were putatively identified, and these metabolites showed three accumulation patterns (pre-accumulation, mid-accumulation and post-accumulation) with fruit development. Twenty-five of these 111 metabolites (including amino acids and their derivatives, flavonoids, organic acids, fatty acids, nucleotides and their derivatives, alkaloids, carbohydrates, terpenoids, vitamins, phosphorylated intermediates) were present at significantly different levels between the two adjacent stages, which were involved in 13 KEGG pathways, among them 5 pathways (flavonoid biosynthesis; histidine metabolism; aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis; flavone and flavonol biosynthesis; and phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis) were most relevant. S8 stage (fruit ripening stage) is the most suitable stage for fruit harvesting to utilize the pericarp, during which the accumulation of many bioactive and valuable metabolites (e.g., furamizole, alpha-tocopherol quinone, sucrose) in the pericarp was highest. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first time that the metabolomics in soapberry pericarp during the whole fruit development was profiled. This study will be beneficial to guide the harvesting, processing and application, and pave the way for further studies on the biosynthesis mechanism of the main metabolites of the soapberry pericarp.


RSC Advances ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (95) ◽  
pp. 77689-77698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shujuan Li ◽  
Meiyu Zhang ◽  
Pengyi Hou ◽  
Ruowen Zhang ◽  
Chenzhi Hou ◽  
...  

Scheme of the identification of components in vitro and in vivo.


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