scholarly journals Behavior of Tin and Antimony in Secondary Copper Smelting Process

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lassi Klemettinen ◽  
Katri Avarmaa ◽  
Hugh O’Brien ◽  
Pekka Taskinen ◽  
Ari Jokilaakso
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Metallic Copper ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Copper Smelting ◽  
Smelting Process ◽  
Potassium Oxide ◽  
Equilibrium System ◽  
Silicate Slag

Different types of metal-bearing wastes, such as WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment), are important urban minerals in modern society, and the efficient recycling and reuse of their metal values is of key interest. Pyrometallurgical copper smelting is one of the most prominent ways of treating WEEE, however, more accurate experimental data is needed regarding the behavior of different elements during each process stage. This article investigates the behavior of tin and antimony, both commonly present as trace elements in electrical and electronic waste, in secondary (i.e., sulfur-free) copper smelting conditions. The experiments were conducted in oxygen partial pressure range of 10−10–10−5 atm, covering the different process steps in copper smelting. The basis of the equilibrium system was metallic copper–iron silicate slag, with the addition of alumina and potassium oxide to account for the presence of these compounds in the actual industrial process. The results showed that the distribution coefficients of both trace metals, LCu/slag = [wt % Me]copper/(wt % Me)slag, increased significantly as a function of decreasing oxygen pressure, and the addition of basic potassium oxide also had an increasing effect on the distribution coefficient. A brief comparison between EPMA and LA-ICP-MS (electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry), the two in situ analytical techniques used, was also presented and discussed.

scholarly journals Precious Metal Distributions Between Copper Matte and Slag at High $$ P_{{{\text{SO}}_{ 2} }} $$ in WEEE Reprocessing

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 871-882
Author(s):  
Min Chen ◽  
Katri Avarmaa ◽  
Lassi Klemettinen ◽  
Hugh O’Brien ◽  
Junjie Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Precious Metal ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
Matte Grade ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Copper Matte ◽  
Copper Smelting ◽  
Gold Silver ◽  
Ar Gas

AbstractThe distributions of precious metals (gold, silver, platinum, and palladium) between copper matte and silica-saturated FeOx-SiO2/FeOx-SiO2-Al2O3/FeOx-SiO2-Al2O3-CaO slags were investigated at 1300 °C and $$ P_{{{\text{SO}}_{ 2} }} $$ P SO 2 = 0.5 atm. The experiments were carried out in silica crucibles under flowing CO-CO2-SO2-Ar gas atmosphere. The concentrations of precious metals in matte and slag were analyzed by Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis and Laser Ablation-High-Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry, respectively. The precious metal concentrations in matte and slag, as well as the distribution coefficients of precious metals between matte and slag, were displayed as a function of matte grade. The present results obtained at $$ P_{{{\text{SO}}_{ 2} }} $$ P SO 2 of 0.5 atm were compared with previous results at $$ P_{{{\text{SO}}_{ 2} }} $$ P SO 2 of 0.1 atm for revealing the effects of $$ P_{{{\text{SO}}_{ 2} }} $$ P SO 2 and selected slag modifiers (CaO and Al2O3) on precious metal distributions at copper matte smelting conditions. The present results also contribute experimental thermodynamic data of precious metal distributions in pyrometallurgical reprocessing of electronic waste via copper smelting processes.

scholarly journals Behavior of Battery Metals Lithium, Cobalt, Manganese and Lanthanum in Black Copper Smelting

Batteries ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Dańczak ◽  
Lassi Klemettinen ◽  
Matti Kurhila ◽  
Pekka Taskinen ◽  
Daniel Lindberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Copper Smelting ◽  
Smelting Process ◽  
Energy Storage Materials ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Lithium Cobalt

Recycling of metals from different waste streams must be increased in the near future for securing the availability of metals that are critical for high-tech applications, such as batteries for e-mobility. Black copper smelting is a flexible recycling route for many different types of scrap, including Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and some end-of-life energy storage materials. Fundamental thermodynamic data about the behavior of battery metals and the effect of slag additives is required for providing data necessary for process development, control, and optimization. The goal of our study is to investigate the suitability of black copper smelting process for recycling of battery metals lithium, cobalt, manganese, and lanthanum. The experiments were performed alumina crucibles at 1300 °C, in oxygen partial pressure range of 10−11–10−8 atm. The slags studied contained 0 to 6 wt% of MgO. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) techniques were utilized for phase composition quantifications. The results reveal that most cobalt can be recovered into the copper alloy in extremely reducing process conditions, whereas lithium, manganese, and lanthanum deport predominantly in the slag at all investigated oxygen partial pressures.

scholarly journals Equilibrium of Copper Matte and Silica-Saturated Iron Silicate Slags at 1300 °C and $$ P_{{{\text{SO}}_{ 2} }} $$ of 0.5 atm

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 2107-2118
Author(s):  
Min Chen ◽  
Katri Avarmaa ◽  
Lassi Klemettinen ◽  
Junjie Shi ◽  
Pekka Taskinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Equilibria ◽  
Matte Grade ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Iron Silicate ◽  
Copper Matte ◽  
Copper Smelting ◽  
Smelting Process ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Ice Water

Abstract Experimental study on the phase equilibria between copper matte with silica-saturated iron silicate slags was conducted at 1300 °C and $$ P_{{{\text{SO}}_{ 2} }} $$ P SO 2 = 0.5 atm. The high-temperature isothermal equilibration in silica crucibles under controlled flowing CO-CO2-SO2-Ar was followed by quenching in an ice–water mixture and direct phase composition analyses by an electron probe X-ray microanalyzer. The equilibrium compositions for matte and slag, as well as the distribution coefficients, were displayed as a function of matte grade. The data set obtained at $$ P_{{{\text{SO}}_{ 2} }} $$ P SO 2 = 0.5 atm and the previous study at $$ P_{{{\text{SO}}_{ 2} }} $$ P SO 2 = 0.1 atm by the authors enabled an investigation on the impacts of $$ P_{{{\text{SO}}_{ 2} }} $$ P SO 2 as well as Al2O3 and CaO additions on phase equilibria in the multiphase copper matte smelting system. Thermodynamic calculations using MTDATA software were performed to compare the experimental results with modeling. The present results enrich the fundamental thermodynamic information for the matte/slag/tridymite/gas equilibria in the primary copper smelting process at high $$ P_{{{\text{SO}}_{ 2} }} $$ P SO 2 .

scholarly journals On the Kinetic Behavior of Recycling Precious Metals (Au, Ag, Pt, and Pd) Through Copper Smelting Process

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingbang Wan ◽  
Lotta Kleemola ◽  
Lassi Klemettinen ◽  
Hugh O’Brien ◽  
Pekka Taskinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Printed Circuit Boards ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
Flash Smelting ◽  
Copper Matte ◽  
Copper Smelting ◽  
Smelting Process ◽  
Kinetic Behavior ◽  
Silicate Slag ◽  
Advanced Analysis

Abstract The recycling and recovery of precious metals from secondary materials, such as waste-printed circuit boards, are an important area of circular economy research due to the limited existing resources and increasing amount of e-waste produced by the rapid development of technology. In this study, the kinetic behavior of precious metals Au, Ag, Pt, and Pd between copper matte and iron-silicate slag was investigated at a typical flash smelting temperature of 1300 °C in both air and argon atmospheres. SEM–EDS, EPMA, and LA-ICP-MS-advanced analysis methods were used for sample characterization. The results indicate that precious metals favor the matte phase over slag, and the deportment to matte occurred swiftly within a short time after the system had reached the experimental temperature. With increasing contact times, the precious metals were distributed increasingly into the sulfide matte. The distribution coefficients, based on experimentally measured element concentrations, followed the order of palladium > platinum > gold > silver in both air and argon, and the matte acted as an efficient collector of these precious metals. The obtained results can be applied to industrial copper matte smelting processes, and they also help in upgrading CFD models to simulate the flash smelting process more precisely. Graphical Abstract

Experimental study of bottom blown oxygen copper smelting process for water model

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongxing Wang ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Zimu Zhang ◽  
Pin Shao ◽  
Ting'an Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Copper Smelting ◽  
Water Model ◽  
Smelting Process

scholarly journals Czochralski growth and spectroscopic investigations of Yb3+, La3+:Na2SO4(I) and Nd3+:Na2SO4(I)

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 4093-4097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patric Mikhail ◽  
Reto Basler ◽  
Jürg Hulliger
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Stimulated Raman Scattering ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Czochralski Method ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Czochralski Growth ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Spectroscopic Investigations ◽  
New Material

Ln3+-stabilized Na2SO4 (phase I) single crystals were grown by the Czochralski method. Differential thermal analysis revealed the influence of the ionic radius of Ln3+ on the stabilization of Na2SO4(I). Distribution coefficients (∼0.8–1.1) were measured by the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy method and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Spectroscopic investigations yielded absorption cross sections of 0.6 × 10−20 cm2 (π-polarized, 928.5 nm) and 1.5 × 10−20 cm2 (π-polarized, 797.3 nm) for Yb3+, La3+:Na2SO4 and Nd3+:Na2SO4, respectively. Crystal growth of Gd3+-stabilized Na2SO4(I) provides an interesting new material for stimulated Raman scattering experiments.

Slag Investigations from Bronze Age Copper Smelting Sites

2017 ◽  
Vol 891 ◽  
pp. 608-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Haubner ◽  
Susanne Strobl
Keyword(s):  
Phase Diagram ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Phase Diagrams ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Equilibrium Phase ◽  
Eastern Alps ◽  
Copper Production ◽  
Copper Smelting ◽  
Smelting Process ◽  
Melting Properties

During the Bronze Age intensive mining and smelting activities for copper production took place in the Eastern Alps. To get information about the copper smelting process, the elemental compositions of slags are marked in equilibrium phase diagrams (e.g. FeO-CaO-SiO2) and so the melting properties can be estimated. Doing so you have to keep in mind that slags have complex compositions and phase diagrams are available for three compounds only. For the analytical measurements it has to be ensured that only molten parts of the slag are measured and not contamination of other ambient material. Spot and area measurements by SEM-EDX are useful to get realistic data. In this case a complete correlation between the image of the analyzed area, the microstructure and the chemical composition of the sample is necessary. For marking spots in the phase diagram the calculation method has to be described exactly. For our results we calculated the ratio FeO-SiO2-CaO(+MgO+Al2O3). From the morphology of the observed phases, their chemical composition and the data from the phase diagram a solidification sequence can be suggested. We recommend this method because measurements by e.g. XRF provide rather general composition values. If the slag samples are inhomogeneous, unrealistic melting points are read from the phase diagram. Inhomogeneities can be caused by soil contaminations, which are not part of the molten slag, or by corrosion, when some phases were attacked and changed during storage in soil.

Online monitoring and assessment of energy efficiency for copper smelting process

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2149-2159
Author(s):  
Zhuo Chen ◽  
Zhen-yu Zhu ◽  
Xiao-na Wang ◽  
Yan-po Song
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Online Monitoring ◽  
Copper Smelting ◽  
Smelting Process
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