Nanotreatment and Nanodiagnosis of Prostate Cancer: Recent Updates

The fabrication and development of nanomaterials for the treatment of prostate cancer have gained significant appraisal in recent years. Advancements in synthesis of organic and inorganic nanomaterials with charge, particle size, specified geometry, ligand attachment etc have resulted in greater biocompatibility and active targeting at cancer site. Despite all of the advances made over the years in discovering drugs, methods, and new biomarkers for cancer of the prostate (PCa), PCa remains one of the most troubling cancers among people. Early on, effective diagnosis is an essential part of treating prostate cancer. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or serum prostate-specific antigen is the best serum marker widely accessible for diagnosis of PCa. Numerous efforts have been made over the past decade to design new biosensor-based strategies for biomolecules detection and PSA miniaturization biomarkers. The growing nanotechnology is expected to have a significant effect in the immediate future on scientific research and healthcare. Nanotechnology is thus predicted to find a way to solve one of the most and long-standing problem, “early cancer detection”. For early diagnosis of PCa biomarkers, different nanoparticles with different approaches have been used. In this review, we provide a brief description of the latest achievements and advances in the use of nanoparticles for PCa biomarker diagnosis.

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Preoperative Serum Prostate-specific Antigen (PSA) Below 10 μg/L Predicts Neither the Presence of Prostate Cancer Nor the Rate of Postoperative PSA Failure

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/47.4.631 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

pp. 631-634 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Thomas A Stamey

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Radical Prostatectomy ◽

Prostate Specific Antigen ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Serum Marker ◽

Gleason Grade ◽

Failure Rates ◽

Preoperative Serum ◽

Psa Failure ◽

Relationship Of

Abstract Recent information on the relationship of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to prostate cancer and new reports on death rates in men warrant a reassessment of how we diagnose and treat prostate cancer. We now know for the first time that the annual death rate from prostate cancer in men ≥65 years of age is only 226 per 100 000 men. At least 40 000 of 100 000 men over age 65 (40%) have invasive prostate cancer as judged by examination of prostates in 3- to 4-mm step-sections. Thus, only 1 of every 177 men 65 years of age or older (226 in 40 000) with invasive prostate cancer dies annually from his cancer. Serum PSA between 2 and 10 μg/L is used almost universally as an indication to biopsy the prostate. When 10–20 biopsies are commonly taken, it is not surprising that ∼40% of men are biopsy-positive for prostate cancer. Despite this reliance on serum PSA as an indication for biopsy, data at Stanford show no clinically useful relationship between preoperative serum PSA (in the range 2–10 mg/L) and the volume of Gleason grade 4/5 cancer or the volume of Gleason grades 3, 2, and 1 cancer, nor can we show any useful relationship of such preoperative PSA concentrations (2–10 μg/L) to biochemical PSA failure rates after radical prostatectomy. We urgently need a better serum marker for prostate cancer. Because PSA biochemical failure rates after radical prostatectomy are directly proportional to the amount of Gleason grade 4/5 cancer in the prostate, a serum marker of Gleason grade 4/5 carcinoma could be ideal.

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Production of Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies against Prostate-Specific Antigen, a Prostate Cancer Serum Marker

Hybridoma and Hybridomics ◽

10.1089/153685904322772060 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 73-77

Author(s):

Shu-Fen Chou ◽

Chien-Yuan Chen

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Prostate Specific Antigen ◽

Polyclonal Antibodies ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Serum Marker ◽

Antigen A

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Emerging biomarkers in the detection and prognosis of prostate cancer

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) ◽

10.1515/cclm-2014-0988 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 53 (7) ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Xavier Filella ◽

Laura Foj

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Early Detection ◽

Tumor Marker ◽

Negative Predictive Value ◽

Prostate Specific Antigen ◽

Predictive Value ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Cancer Gene ◽

Prostate Cancer Gene 3 ◽

New Biomarkers

AbstractThe prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is currently the most used tumor marker in the early detection of the prostate cancer (PCa), despite its low specificity and low negative predictive value. New biomarkers, including urine prostate cancer gene 3 (

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Tumour markers in prostate cancer: The post-prostate-specific antigen era

Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.1177/00045632211041890 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 000456322110418

Author(s):

Manuel M Garrido ◽

Rui M Bernardino ◽

José C Marta ◽

Stefan Holdenrieder ◽

João T Guimarães

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Prostate Specific Antigen ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Prostate Cancer Screening ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer ◽

Castration Resistant ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

New Biomarkers ◽

Prostate Health

Although prostate-specific antigen-based prostate cancer screening had a positive impact in reducing prostate cancer mortality, it also led to overdiagnosis, overtreatment and a significant number of unnecessary biopsies. In the post-prostate-specific antigen era, new biomarkers have emerged that can complement the information given by prostate-specific antigen, towards a better cancer diagnostic specificity, and also allowing a better estimate of the aggressiveness of the disease and its clinical outcome. That means those markers have the potential to assist the clinician in the decision-making processes, such as whether or not to perform a biopsy, and to make the best treatment choice among the new therapeutic options available, including active surveillance in lower risk disease. In this article, we will review several of those more recent diagnostic markers (4Kscore®, [-2]proPSA and Prostate Health Index, SelectMDx®, ConfirmMDx®, Progensa® Prostate Cancer Antigen 3, Mi-Prostate Score, ExoDx™ Prostate Test, the Stockholm3 test and ERSPC risk calculators) and prognostic markers (OncotypeDX® Genomic Prostate Score, Prolaris®, Decipher® and ProMark®). We will also address some new liquid biopsy approaches – circulating tumour cells and cell-free DNA – with a potential role in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and will briefly give some future perspectives, mostly outlooking epigenetic markers.

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