Correlation between Macular Pigment Optical Density and Neural Thickness and Volume of the Retina

Macular pigment (MP), which is composed of lutein/zeaxanthin/mezo-zeaxanthin, is concentrated in the central part of the retina, the macula. It protects the macula by absorbing short-wavelength light and suppressing oxidative stress. To evaluate whether MP levels are related to retinal neural protection and resulting health, we analyzed the association between the MP optical density (MPOD), and the macular thickness and volumes. Forty-three eyes of 43 healthy adult volunteers (21 men and 22 women; age: 22–48 (average 31.4 ± 1.1) years) were analyzed. Highly myopic eyes (<-6 diopters) were excluded. MPOD was measured using MPS2®, and the neural retinal thickness and volume were measured using optical coherence tomography. The mean MPOD was 0.589 ± 0.024, and it positively correlated with the central retinal thickness (P = 0.017, R = 0.360) and retinal volume of the fovea (1-mm diameter around the fovea; P = 0.029, R = 0.332), parafovea (1–3-mm diameter; P = 0.002, R = 0.458), and macula (6-mm diameter; P = 0.003, R = 0.447). In the macular area (diameter: 6 mm), MPOD was correlated with the retinal neural volume of the ganglion cell layer (P = 0.037, R = 0.320), inner plexiform layer (P = 0.029, R = 0.333), and outer nuclear layer (P = 0.020, R = 0.353). Thus, MPOD may help in estimating neural health. Further studies should determine the impact of MP levels on neuroprotection.

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Changes in each retinal layer and ellipsoid zone recovery after full-thickness macular hole surgery

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-90955-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Min-Woo Lee ◽

Tae-Yeon Kim ◽

Yong-Yeon Song ◽

Seung-Kook Baek ◽

Young-Hoon Lee

Keyword(s):

Macular Hole ◽

Axial Length ◽

Outer Nuclear Layer ◽

Plexiform Layer ◽

Retinal Layer ◽

Inner Plexiform Layer ◽

Full Thickness ◽

Ellipsoid Zone ◽

Full Thickness Macular Hole ◽

Fellow Eyes

AbstractTo analyze the changes in each retinal layer and the recovery of the ellipsoid zone (EZ) after full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) surgery. Patients who underwent surgery for FTMH were included. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was performed preoperatively and postoperatively at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. A total of 32 eyes were enrolled. Ganglion cell layer, inner plexiform layer, and inner nuclear layer showed significant reductions over time after surgery (P = 0.020, P = 0.001, and P = 0.001, respectively), but were significantly thicker than those of fellow eyes at 12 months postoperatively. The average recovery duration of the external limiting membrane (ELM), outer nuclear layer (ONL), and EZ was 1.5, 2.1, and 6.1 months, respectively. Baseline best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (P = 0.003), minimum linear diameter (MLD) (P = 0.025), recovery of EZ (P = 0.008), and IRL thickness (P < 0.001) were significant factors associated with changes in the BCVA. Additionally, axial length (P < 0.001), MLD (P = 0.020), and IRL thickness (P = 0.001) showed significant results associated with EZ recovery. The IRL gradually became thinner after FTMH surgery but was still thicker than that of the fellow eye at 12 months postoperatively. The recovery of ELM and ONL may be a prerequisite for the EZ recovery. The BCVA change was affected by baseline BCVA, MLD, recovery of EZ, and IRL thickness. Additionally, axial length, MLD, and IRL thickness were significantly associated with EZ recovery.

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Evaluation of retinal inflammatory biomarkers after intravitreal steroid implant and Ranibizumab injection in diabetic macular edema

European Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1177/11206721211029465 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 112067212110294

Author(s):

Ilkay Kilic Muftuoglu ◽

Ecem Onder Tokuc ◽

Fatma Sümer ◽

V Levent Karabas

Keyword(s):

Macular Edema ◽

Diabetic Macular Edema ◽

Outer Nuclear Layer ◽

Plexiform Layer ◽

Retinal Layer ◽

Treatment Naïve ◽

The Mean ◽

The Individual ◽

Inflammatory Component

Purpose: To compare the efficacy of intravitreal (IV) ranibizumab (IVR) injection with IV dexamethasone implant (IVDEX) in treatment naive diabetic macular edema (DME) patients with inflammatory component. Materials and methods: Treatment naive DME eyes with subfoveal neurosensorial detachment (SND) and hyperreflective spots (HRS) were treated either three loading doses of IVR (18 eyes) or one dose of IVDEX (19 eyes). Central macular thickness (CMT), height of SND, the number of HRSs scattered on the individual retinal layers and photoreceptor integrity were assessed using spectral domain- optical coherence tomography scans over 3-months follow-up. Results: The mean change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was −0.11 ± 0.08 logMAR in IVDEX group and −0.04 ± 0.06 logMAR in IVR group at 1-month ( p = 0.011). IVDEX group showed statistically significant more increase in BCVA compared to those receiving IVR injections at 2-months ( p = 0.004) and 3-months ( p = 0.017) visits. Compared to baseline, the number of total HRSs and the number of HRSs at each individual inner retinal layer significantly decreased in both groups at all follow-up visits. However, IVDEX group showed more decrease in the total number of HRSs at 2- and 3-months ( p < 0.001 at 2-months, and p = 0.006 at 3-months) and in the mean number of HRSs located at inner nuclear layer–outer plexiform layer level ( p = 0.016 at 1-month, p < 0.001 at 2-months, and p < 0.001 at 3-months). After treatment, the number of HRSs on the outer nuclear layer showed some non-significant increase in both groups. Conclusion: HRSs tended to migrate from inner retina to the outer retina in DME eyes by treatment. Dexamethasone seemed to be more effective option in such cases with inflammatory component.

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Inner and outer retinal layer thickness alterations in pediatric and juvenile craniopharyngioma

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-82107-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ga-In Lee ◽

Kyung-Ah Park ◽

Sei Yeul Oh ◽

Doo-Sik Kong ◽

Sang Duk Hong

Keyword(s):

Layer Thickness ◽

Outer Nuclear Layer ◽

Plexiform Layer ◽

Visual Field Defects ◽

Retinal Layer ◽

Inner Plexiform Layer ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Fiber Layer ◽

Photoreceptor Layer ◽

Chiasmal Compression

AbstractWe evaluated postoperative retinal thickness in pediatric and juvenile craniopharyngioma (CP) patients with chiasmal compression using optical coherence tomography (OCT) auto-segmentation. We included 18 eyes of 18 pediatric or juvenile patients with CP and 20 healthy controls. Each thickness of the macular retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer, outer plexiform layer, outer nuclear layer, and photoreceptor layer was compared between the CP patients and healthy controls. There was significant thinning in the macular RNFL (estimates [μm], superior, − 10.68; inferior, − 7.24; nasal, − 14.22), all quadrants of GCL (superior, − 16.53; inferior, − 14.37; nasal, − 24.34; temporal, − 9.91) and IPL (superior, − 11.45; inferior, − 9.76; nasal, − 15.25; temporal, − 4.97) in pediatric and juvenile CP patients postoperatively compared to healthy control eyes after adjusting for age and refractive errors. Thickness reduction in the average and nasal quadrant of RNFL, GCL, and IPL was associated with peripapillary RNFL thickness, and reduced nasal quadrant GCL and IPL thicknesses were associated with postoperative visual field defects. In pediatric and juvenile patients with CP, decreased inner retinal layer thickness following chiasmal compression was observed. The changes in retinal structures were closely related to peripapillary RNFL thinning and functional outcomes.

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Macular pigment optical density in central serous chorioretinopathy

Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology ◽

10.1177/2515841421997195 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

pp. 251584142199719

Author(s):

Burcu Polat Gultekin ◽

Esra Sahli

Keyword(s):

Confidence Interval ◽

Optical Density ◽

Central Serous Chorioretinopathy ◽

Choroidal Thickness ◽

Retinal Thickness ◽

Macular Pigment ◽

Central Retinal Thickness ◽

Macular Pigment Optical Density ◽

Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy ◽

Acute Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

Purpose: The aim of our study was to evaluate the macular pigment optical density in patients with acute and chronic central serous chorioretinopathy and to describe the association between central retinal thickness and choroidal thickness with the macular pigment optical density. Materials and Methods: Eyes with acute central serous chorioretinopathy and chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (patients, who were diagnosed as having disease activity for 6 months) were included in this study. Macular pigment was measured using the heterochromatic flicker technique of the MPS II device for both eyes in patients with acute and chronic central serous chorioretinopathy and in control subjects. Results: Twenty-seven eyes with acute central serous chorioretinopathy, 23 eyes with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy, and 25 control eyes were enrolled. The mean macular pigment optical density in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (0.480 ± 0.16 density unit (95% confidence interval: 0.390–0.570) was found to be significantly lower than in the control eyes (0.571 ± 0.128 density unit) (95% confidence interval: 0.480–0.670) ( p = 0.007). In correlation analysis, no significant association was detected between the central retinal thickness, choroidal thickness, and macular pigment optical density values in central serous chorioretinopathy group ( p = 0.31, p = 0.71). Conclusion: Macular pigment optical density levels were significantly lower in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy patients than in controls, possibly due to degeneration of the neurosensorial retina, as a result of the long-term persistence of subretinal fluid. There was not a significant correlation between choroidal thickness and macular pigment optical density levels in central serous chorioretinopathy group.

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Distribution of activities of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes and malate dehydrogenase in guinea pig retinal layers.

Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry ◽

10.1177/35.6.3571959 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

pp. 669-674 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

C D Ross ◽

D A Godfrey

Keyword(s):

Guinea Pig ◽

Malate Dehydrogenase ◽

Aspartate Aminotransferase ◽

Energy Production ◽

Outer Nuclear Layer ◽

Plexiform Layer ◽

Inner Plexiform Layer ◽

Retinal Layers ◽

Metabolic Reactions ◽

The Difference

Distributions of activity of the cytosolic (cAAT) and mitochondrial (mAAT) isoenzymes of aspartate aminotransferase and of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were determined in guinea pig retinal layers. The distribution of total AAT activity (tAAT = cAAT + mAAT) and of mAAT activity correlated well (r = 0.88-0.91) with the distribution of MDH activity. mAAT activity was highest in the inner segments of the photoreceptors; there was a greater than twelve-fold difference between activity in that layer and in the inner retinal layers. cAAT activity was also highest in the inner segments, but the difference between the activity in the inner segments and the other layers was not nearly as great as with mAAT. cAAT activity was also relatively high in the outer nuclear layer, outer plexiform layer, and part of the inner plexiform layer. The high activity of cAAT, mAAT, and MDH in the inner segments indicates that all of these enzymes are involved in metabolic reactions related to energy production and/or to photoreceptive processes in the outer segments and, therefore, that the enzymes are probably involved in energy-related metabolism at synapses. However, other functions, including those related to neurotransmission, are not excluded.

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Changes of the Macular Ganglion Cell-Inner Plexiform Layer Thickness after Cataract Surgery in Glaucoma Patients

Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1155/2016/9785939 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hyun Cheol Roh ◽

Choul Yong Park ◽

Martha Kim

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Cataract Surgery ◽

Ganglion Cell ◽

Multivariate Regression ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Plexiform Layer ◽

Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽

Inner Plexiform Layer ◽

Postoperative Changes ◽

The Mean

Purpose. To investigate the effect of uneventful cataract surgery on macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (mGC-IPL) thickness in glaucoma patients.Methods. This retrospective study included 65 eyes of 65 subjects who underwent uneventful cataract surgery, including 13 glaucoma eyes and 52 normal eyes. Using spectral domain optical coherence tomography, the mGC-IPL thickness was measured and compared between glaucoma and normal eyes preoperatively as well as 1 month and 3 months postoperatively. Linear regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with postoperative change in mGC-IPL thickness.Results. The mean mGC-IPL significantly increased in both groups 1 month and 3 months after surgery (allPvalues equal to or less than 0.001). The postoperative changes between groups were not significantly different (P=0.171). In the multivariate regression analysis, preoperative mGC-IPL thickness showed a significant association with the change of average mGC-IPL thickness 1 month and 3 months after surgery (allPvalues < 0.001).Conclusions. The mean mGC-IPL thickness was increased after cataract surgery, and the postoperative mGC-IPL thickness changes were associated with preoperative mGC-IPL thickness in both groups and axial length in normal eye. The effects of cataract surgery on mean mGC-IPL thickness were not different in glaucomatous and normal eyes.

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A Normative Database of A-Scan Data Using the Heidelberg Spectralis Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Machine

10.1101/2021.02.16.21251860 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Joos Meyer ◽

Roshan Karri ◽

Helen Danesh-Meyer ◽

Kate Drummond ◽

Andrew Symons

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

Reference Values ◽

Age Groups ◽

Plexiform Layer ◽

Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer ◽

Inner Plexiform Layer ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Normative Database ◽

The Mean

AbstractPurposeDevelop the first normative database of macular and circumpapillary scans with reference values at the level of the A-scan using the Heidelberg Spectralis Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) machine.MethodsThis study is a retrospective cross sectional analysis of macular and circumpapillary OCT scans of healthy individuals. All participants had a full ophthalmic examination, including best corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, biomicroscopy, posterior segment examination and OCT scan. The volume and thickness of each of the nine Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy zones at the macula were analysed for the total retinal thickness, retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL). The thickness of the circumpapillary RNFL was analysed at the disc. De-identified A-scans were extracted from the OCT machine as separate tab-separated text file and made available according to the data sharing statement.ResultsTwo-hundred eyes from 144 participants were included of which 98 (49%) were female. The mean age (SD) was 48.52 (17.52). Participants were evenly distributed across four age groups and represented nine broad ethnic groups in proportions comparable to the local distribution. All the macular scans were 20° x 20° (5.9 mm x 5.9 mm), with a total scan density between 12,800 and 49,152 A-scans. The peripapillary scans were all 12° (3.5 mm), at a scan density of 768 A-scans. The mean retinal, GCL and IPL volumes were significantly greater in males than females. Age and total retinal volume (r = –0.2561), GCL volume (– 0.2911) and IPL volume (–0.3194) were negatively correlated. No significant correlation was found between the RNFL and age.ConclusionThis study provides a normative database of macular and circumpapillary scans with reference values at the level of the A-scan using the Heidelberg Spectralis Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) machine.

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BPC 157 as a Therapy for Retinal Ischemia Induced by Retrobulbar Application of L-NAME in Rats

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2021.632295 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Mirna Zlatar ◽

Antonio Kokot ◽

Lovorka Batelja Vuletic ◽

Sanja Masnec ◽

Tamara Kralj ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Vessels ◽

Optic Disc ◽

Retinal Thickness ◽

Plexiform Layer ◽

Retinal Ischemia ◽

Inner Plexiform Layer ◽

Single Application ◽

Bpc 157 ◽

Severe Stage ◽

Pentadecapeptide Bpc 157

Providing NO-system importance, we suggest that one single application of the NOS-blocker L-NAME may induce retinal ischemia in rats, and that the stable pentadecapeptide BPC 157 may be the therapy, since it may interact with the NO-system and may counteract various adverse effects of L-NAME application. A rat retinal ischemia study was conducted throughout 4 weeks, including fundoscopy, behavior presentation, tonometry, and histology assessment. Retrobulbar L-NAME application (5 mg/kg; 0.5 mg/0.1 ml saline/each eye) in rats immediately produced moderate generalized irregularity in the diameter of blood vessels with moderate atrophy of the optic disc and faint presentation of the choroidal blood vessels, and these lesions rapidly progressed to the severe stage. The specific L-NAME–induced vascular failure points to normal intraocular pressure (except to very transitory increase upon drug retrobulbar administration). When BPC 157 (10 μg; 10 ng/kg, as retrobulbar application, 1 μg; 1 ng/0.1 ml saline/each eye) is given at either 20 min after L-NAME or, lately, at 48 h after L-NAME, the regular retrobulbar L-NAME injection findings disappear. Instead, fundoscopy demonstrated only discrete generalized vessel caliber irregularity with mild atrophy of the optic disc, and then, quite rapidly, normal eye background and choroidal blood vessels, which remain in all of the subsequent periods. Also, histology assessment at 1, 2, and 4 weeks shows that BPC 157 counteracted the damaged inner plexiform layer and inner nuclear layer, and revealed normal retinal thickness. The poor behavioral presentation was also rescued. Thus, while further studies will be done, BPC 157 counteracted L-NAME–induced rat retinal ischemia.

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The elephant retina examined across a range of ages

10.1101/2021.01.20.427452 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

James Freed ◽

Saskia Joyce ◽

Rachel Whalley ◽

Edward Purse ◽

Thomas L Ingram ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Outer Nuclear Layer ◽

Mammalian Species ◽

Plexiform Layer ◽

Retinal Disease ◽

Loxodonta Africana ◽

Inner Plexiform Layer ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Age Related ◽

Baseline Information ◽

Morphological Differences

AbstractThe effect of aging in the human retina has been well documented, as have the signs of age-related retinal disease. Comparative studies in animals allow us to further investigate how the retina ages in different species. The African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) has a retina comparable to other mammalian species, but with some reported distinctive differences in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) distribution and type. This is a first survey of the retina of Loxodonta africana from individuals aged 2 months to 32 years old. Gross examination, H&E staining and cell counts were used to compare calves (0-5 years), juveniles (6-10 years), sub-adults (11-20 years) and adults (>20 years). Dorsal-ventral eye diameter was shown to be significantly greater with age, whilst no significant changes in photoreceptor number were found. Changes in retinal thickness differed from past findings in elephants and humans, with thickness decreasing, then increasing in adults. Various morphological differences were evident in the samples including the presence of nuclei in the outer plexiform layer (OPL), degeneration of the inner plexiform layer (IPL), interruptions in nuclei columns of the outer nuclear layer (ONL), and larger unidentified cells within the inner nuclear layer (INL). These are initial observations provide some baseline information for a species where this range of samples has not been described previously.

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Correlation of retinal layer changes with vision gain in diabetic macular edema during conbercept treatment

10.21203/rs.2.343/v4 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Yupeng Xu ◽

Yuan Qu ◽

Yan Suo ◽

Jian Gao ◽

Xia Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Macular Edema ◽

Diabetic Macular Edema ◽

Outer Nuclear Layer ◽

Plexiform Layer ◽

Retinal Layer ◽

Central Field ◽

Inner Plexiform Layer ◽

Clinically Significant ◽

Sd Oct

Abstract Purpose To assess the changes in individual retinal layer thickness and visual function associated with gains in visual acuity after an intravitreal conbercept injection in the diabetic macular edema (DME) on spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and microperimetry during 1-year follow-up. Methods Retrospective observational study. Twenty patients with clinically significant DME in the study eye were imaged by SD-OCT every three months and MP1 microperimeter in the third month while receiving anti-VEGF (conbercept) treatment. In each patient, seven retinal layers were segmented in 98 scans covering a 6mm×6mm area of the macula at baseline and during 1 year of treatment. An automatic, full-threshold microperimetry of the central field (10°×10°, 40 stimulated points) with the MP1 microperimeter. Thickness and microperimetry changes were quantitatively measured and evaluated for their correlation with increases in visual acuity. Results Although thicknesses of the inner nuclear layer (INL) and the outer nuclear layer (ONL) were reduced the most after treatment (p< 0.05), decreases of the ganglion cell layer (GCL) (r = 0.591, p= 0.006) and inner plexiform layer (IPL) (r= 0.663, p= 0.001) in central subfield area was associated with BCVA gain, and had the best estimation of BCVA gain (adjust R2=0.544). Mean macular sensitivity in the central subfield was also well correlated with BCVA gain (r=0.531, p=0.016). Conclusions Neural recovery occurred after the resolution of edema during conbercept treatment, due to the decreases in GCL and IPL associating with gains in vision and improved microperimetry.

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