scholarly journals Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia during the Olympus Marathon Ultra-Endurance Trail Run

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giannis Arnaoutis ◽  
Costas A. Anastasiou ◽  
HyunGyu Suh ◽  
Maria Maraki ◽  
Yiannis Tsekouras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Additional Food ◽  
Blood And Urine Samples ◽  
Race Conditions ◽  
Ultra Endurance ◽  
Trail Running ◽  
Food And Fluid Intake

Research on hyponatremia during mountain marathons is scarce. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of exercise-associated hyponatremia during a 44-km trail running race that reached an altitude of 2780 m (Olympus Marathon). Sixty-two runners (five women) who completed the race participated in the study (age: 34.4 ± 8.6 years; height: 1.77 ± 0.06 m; and weight: 75.3 ± 10.0 kg). Anthropometric characteristics, blood, and urine samples were collected pre- and post-race. Food and fluid intake were recorded at each checkpoint. Due to race regulations, the runners could not carry any additional food and fluids besides the ones provided at specific checkpoints. Five runners (8%) exhibited asymptomatic hyponatremia (serum sodium <135 mmol∙L−1). Serum sodium in the hyponatremic runners decreased from 138.4 ± 0.9 (pre) to 131.4 ± 5.0 mmol∙L−1 (post), p < 0.05. Plasma osmolality increased only in the eunatremic runners (pre: 290 ± 3; post: 295 ± 6 mmol∙kg−1; p < 0.05). Plasma volume decreased more in the hyponatremic compared to eunatremic runners (−4.4 ± 2.0 vs. −3.2 ± 1.4%, p < 0.05). Lastly, dietary sodium intake was lower in the hyponatremic runners compared to eunatremic (789 ± 813 vs. 906 ± 672 mg; p < 0.05). The incidence of hyponatremia among the athletes was relatively low, possibly due to race conditions.

scholarly journals Alterations in dietary sodium intake affect cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (4) ◽  
pp. R688-R695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Babcock ◽  
Michael S. Brian ◽  
Joseph C. Watso ◽  
David G. Edwards ◽  
Sean D. Stocker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Baroreflex Sensitivity ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Sodium Loading ◽  
Diet Intake ◽  
Intravenous Sodium

High dietary sodium intake has been linked to alterations in neurally mediated cardiovascular function, but the effects of high sodium on cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity (cBRS) in healthy adults are unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether high dietary sodium alters cBRS and heart rate variability (HRV) and whether acute intravenous sodium loading similarly alters cBRS and HRV. High dietary sodium (300 mmol/day, 7 days) was compared with low dietary sodium (20 mmol/day, 7 days; randomized) in 14 participants (38 ± 4 yr old, 23 ± 1 kg/m2 body mass index, 7 women). Acute sodium loading was achieved via a 23-min intravenous hypertonic saline infusion (HSI) in 14 participants (22 ± 1 yr old, 23 ± 1 kg/m2 body mass index, 7 women). During both protocols, participants were supine for 5 min during measurement of beat-to-beat blood pressure (photoplethysmography) and R-R interval (ECG). cBRS was evaluated using the sequence method. Root mean square of successive differences in R-R interval (RMSSD) was used as an index of HRV. Serum sodium (137.4 ± 0.7 vs. 139.9 ± 0.5 meq/l, P < 0.05), plasma osmolality (285 ± 1 vs. 289 ± 1 mosmol/kgH2O, P < 0.05), cBRS (18 ± 2 vs. 26 ± 3 ms/mmHg, P < 0.05), and RMSSD (62 ± 6 vs. 79 ± 10 ms, P < 0.05) were increased following high-sodium diet intake compared with low-sodium diet intake. HSI increased serum sodium (138.1 ± 0.4 vs. 141.1 ± 0.5 meq/l, P < 0.05) and plasma osmolality (286 ± 1 vs. 290 ± 1 mosmol/kgH2O, P < 0.05) but did not change cBRS (26 ± 5 vs. 25 ± 3 ms/mmHg, P = 0.73) and RMSSD (63 ± 9 vs. 63 ± 8 ms, P = 0.99). These data suggest that alterations in dietary sodium intake alter cBRS and HRV but that acute intravenous sodium loading does not alter these indexes of autonomic cardiovascular regulation.

scholarly journals Sodium Replacement and Plasma Sodium Drop During Exercise in the Heat When Fluid Intake Matches Fluid Loss

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Costas A. Anastasiou ◽  
Stavros A. Kavouras ◽  
Giannis Arnaoutis ◽  
Aristea Gioxari ◽  
Maria Kollia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Sodium Replacement

Abstract Context: Sodium replacement during prolonged exercise in the heat may be critically important to maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance and muscle contractility. Objective: To examine the effectiveness of sodium-containing sports drinks in preventing hyponatremia and muscle cramping during prolonged exercise in the heat. Design: Randomized crossover study. Patients or Other Participants: Thirteen active men. Intervention(s): Participants completed 4 trials of an exercise protocol in the heat (30°C) consisting of 3 hours of exercise (alternating 30 minutes of walking and cycling at a heart rate of 130 and 140 beats per minute, respectively); a set of standing calf raises (8 sets of 30 repetitions); and 45 minutes of steep, brisk walking (5.5 kmṡh−1 on a 12% grade). During exercise, participants consumed fluids to match body mass loss. A different drink was consumed for each trial: carbohydrate-electrolyte drink containing 36.2 mmol/L sodium (HNa), carbohydrate-electrolyte drink containing 19.9 mmol/L sodium (LNa), mineral water (W), and colored and flavored distilled water (PL). Main Outcome Measure(s): Serum sodium, plasma osmolality, plasma volume changes, and muscle cramping frequency. Results: During both HNa and LNa trials, serum sodium remained relatively constant (serum sodium concentration at the end of the protocol was 137.3 mmol/L and 136.7 mmol/L, respectively). However, a clear decrease was observed in W (134.5 ± 0.8 mmol/L) and PL (134.4 ± 0.8 mmol/L) trials compared with HNa and LNa trials (P &lt; .05). The same trends were observed for plasma osmolality (P &lt; .05). Albeit not significant, plasma volume was preserved during the HNa and LNa trials, but a reduction of 2.5% was observed in the W and PL trials. None of the volunteers experienced cramping. Conclusions: The data suggest that sodium intake during prolonged exercise in the heat plays a significant role in preventing sodium losses that may lead to hyponatremia when fluid intake matches sweat losses.

Lowest neonatal serum sodium predicts sodium intake in low birth weight children

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (4) ◽  
pp. R1683-R1689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adi Shirazki ◽  
Zalman Weintraub ◽  
Dan Reich ◽  
Edith Gershon ◽  
Micah Leshem
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Salt Appetite ◽  
Diuretic Treatment ◽  
Sodium Loss ◽  
Low Birth Weight Children

Forty-one children aged 10.5 ± 0.2 years (range, 8.0–15.0 yr), born with low birth weight of 1,218.2 ± 36.6 g (range, 765–1,580 g) were selected from hospital archives on the basis of whether they had received neonatal diuretic treatment or as healthy matched controls. The children were tested for salt appetite and sweet preference, including rating of preferred concentration of salt in tomato soup (and sugar in tea), ratings of oral spray (NaCl and sucrose solutions), intake of salt or sweet snack items, and a food-seasoning, liking, and dietary questionnaire. Results showed that sodium appetite was not related to neonatal diuretic treatment, birth weight, or gestational age. However, there was a robust inverse correlation ( r = −0.445, P < 0.005) between reported dietary sodium intake and the neonatal lowest serum sodium level (NLS) recorded for each child as an index of sodium loss. The relationship of NLS and dietary sodium intake was found in both boys and girls and in both Arab and Jewish children, despite marked ethnic differences in dietary sources of sodium. Hence, low NLS predicts increased intake of dietary sodium in low birth weight children some 8–15 yr later. Taken together with other recent evidence, it is now clear that perinatal sodium loss, from a variety of causes, is a consistent and significant contributor to long-term sodium intake.

ß-ENDORPHIN RESPONSES TO VARIATION OF DIETARY SODIUM INTAKE

Analgesia ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 520-523
Author(s):  
Karin Kraft
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Dietary Sodium

scholarly journals The Impact of Diet on Urinary Risk Factors for Cystine Stone Formation

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 528
Author(s):  
Roswitha Siener ◽  
Norman Bitterlich ◽  
Hubert Birwé ◽  
Albrecht Hesse
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Vegetarian Diet ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Urine Ph ◽  
Cystine Stone ◽  
The Impact

Despite the importance of dietary management of cystinuria, data on the contribution of diet to urinary risk factors for cystine stone formation are limited. Studies on the physiological effects of diet on urinary cystine and cysteine excretion are lacking. Accordingly, 10 healthy men received three standardized diets for a period of five days each and collected daily 24 h urine. The Western-type diet (WD; 95 g/day protein) corresponded to usual dietary habits, whereas the mixed diet (MD; 65 g/day protein) and lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet (VD; 65 g/day protein) were calculated according to dietary reference intakes. With intake of the VD, urinary cystine and cysteine excretion decreased by 22 and 15%, respectively, compared to the WD, although the differences were not statistically significant. Urine pH was significantly highest on the VD. Regression analysis showed that urinary phosphate was significantly associated with cystine excretion, while urinary sulfate was a predictor of cysteine excretion. Neither urinary cystine nor cysteine excretion was affected by dietary sodium intake. A lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet is particularly suitable for the dietary treatment of cystinuria, since the additional alkali load may reduce the amount of required alkalizing agents.

scholarly journals Sodium Toxicity in the Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutritional Immunology of COVID-19

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 739
Author(s):  
Ronald B. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Nutritional Epidemiology ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Nasal Sinus ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
Sodium Toxicity ◽  
Nutritional Immunology

Dietary factors in the etiology of COVID-19 are understudied. High dietary sodium intake leading to sodium toxicity is associated with comorbid conditions of COVID-19 such as hypertension, kidney disease, stroke, pneumonia, obesity, diabetes, hepatic disease, cardiac arrhythmias, thrombosis, migraine, tinnitus, Bell’s palsy, multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, and polycystic ovary syndrome. This article synthesizes evidence from epidemiology, pathophysiology, immunology, and virology literature linking sodium toxicological mechanisms to COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sodium toxicity is a modifiable disease determinant that impairs the mucociliary clearance of virion aggregates in nasal sinuses of the mucosal immune system, which may lead to SARS-CoV-2 infection and viral sepsis. In addition, sodium toxicity causes pulmonary edema associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome, as well as inflammatory immune responses and other symptoms of COVID-19 such as fever and nasal sinus congestion. Consequently, sodium toxicity potentially mediates the association of COVID-19 pathophysiology with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sodium dietary intake also increases in the winter, when sodium losses through sweating are reduced, correlating with influenza-like illness outbreaks. Increased SARS-CoV-2 infections in lower socioeconomic classes and among people in government institutions are linked to the consumption of foods highly processed with sodium. Interventions to reduce COVID-19 morbidity and mortality through reduced-sodium diets should be explored further.

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