scholarly journals Modulation of the Systemic Immune Response in Suckling Rats by Breast Milk TGF-β2, EGF and FGF21 Supplementation

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1888
Author(s):  
Paulina Torres-Castro ◽  
Blanca Grases-Pintó ◽  
Mar Abril-Gil ◽  
Margarida Castell ◽  
María J. Rodríguez-Lagunas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽  
Suckling Period ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β2 ◽  
Epidermal Growth ◽  
Spleen Lymphocytes ◽  
Immune Maturation

Breast milk is a rich fluid containing bioactive compounds such as specific growth factors (GF) that contribute to maturation of the immune system in early life. The aim of this study was to determine whether transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), compounds present in breast milk, could promote systemic immune maturation. For this purpose, newborn Wistar rats were daily supplemented with these GF by oral gavage during the suckling period (21 days of life). At day 14 and 21 of life, plasma for immunoglobulin (Ig) quantification was obtained and spleen lymphocytes were isolated, immunophenotyped and cultured to evaluate their ability to proliferate and release cytokines. The main result was obtained at day 14, when supplementation with EGF increased B cell proportion to reach levels observed at day 21. At the end of the suckling period, all GF increased the plasma levels of IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes, FGF21 balanced the Th1/Th2 cytokine response and both EGF and FGF21 modified splenic lymphocyte composition. These results suggested that the studied milk bioactive factors, mainly EGF and FGF21, may have modulatory roles in the systemic immune responses in early life, although their physiological roles remain to be established.

scholarly journals TGF-β2, EGF, and FGF21 Growth Factors Present in Breast Milk Promote Mesenteric Lymph Node Lymphocytes Maturation in Suckling Rats

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Torres-Castro ◽  
Mar Abril-Gil ◽  
María Rodríguez-Lagunas ◽  
Margarida Castell ◽  
Francisco Pérez-Cano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β2 ◽  
Immune Maturation

Breast milk, due to its large number of nutrients and bioactive factors, contributes to optimal development and immune maturation in early life. In this study, we aimed to assess the influence of some growth factors present in breast milk, such as transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), on the immune response development. Newborn Wistar rats were supplemented daily with TGF-β2, EGF, or FGF21, throughout the suckling period. At day 14 and 21 of life, lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were isolated, immunophenotyped, and cultured to evaluate their ability to proliferate and release cytokines. The main results demonstrated that supplementation with TGF-β2, EGF, or FGF21 modified the lymphocyte composition in MLNs. At day 14, all supplementations were able to induce a lower percentage of natural killer (NK) cells with the immature phenotype (CD8+), and they reduced the CD8αα/CD8αβ ratio at day 21. Moreover, the cytokine pattern was modified by the three treatments, with a down regulation of interleukin (IL)-13 secretion. These results showed the contribution of these growth factors in the lymphocytes MLNs immune maturation during the neonatal period.

scholarly journals Rat Milk and Plasma Immunological Profile throughout Lactation

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1257
Author(s):  
Blanca Grases-Pintó ◽  
Mar Abril-Gil ◽  
Paulina Torres-Castro ◽  
Margarida Castell ◽  
María J. Rodríguez-Lagunas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Epidermal Growth ◽  
Second Period ◽  
Tgf Β1

The composition of bioactive factors with immune activity in human breast milk is widely studied. However, the knowledge on rat milk immune factors during the whole lactation period is still scarce. This study aimed to analyze rat breast milk’s immunoglobulin (Ig) content and some critical adipokines and growth factors throughout the lactation period, and to assess relationships with corresponding plasma levels. During lactation, milk concentration of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2 and -β3 showed a punctual increase in the first week, whereas adiponectin and leptin remained stable. In the second period of lactation (d14–21), despite the increase in the milk epidermal growth factor (EGF), a decrease in fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was detected at day 21. Milk IgA concentration had a progressive increase during lactation, while no significant changes were found in IgM and IgG. Regarding plasma levels, a decrease in all studied adipokines was observed in the second period of lactation, with the exception of IgA and TGF-β1, which reached their highest values at the end of the study. A positive correlation in IgM, IgG, and adipokine concentration was detected between milk and plasma compartments. In summary, the changes in the pattern of these bioactive compounds in rat milk and plasma and their relationships during lactation are established.

scholarly journals Transforming growth factor and epidermal growth factor stimulate the phosphorylation of a synthetic, tyrosine-containing peptide in a similar manner.

1982 ◽  
Vol 257 (24) ◽  
pp. 14628-14631 ◽  
Author(s):  
L J Pike ◽  
H Marquardt ◽  
G J Todaro ◽  
B Gallis ◽  
J E Casnellie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Epidermal Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Epidermal Growth
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