scholarly journals Ghrelin and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1: A Gut-Brain Axis Battle for Food Reward

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 977
Author(s):  
Lea Decarie-Spain ◽  
Scott E Kanoski
Keyword(s):  
Food Reward ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Food Cues ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Behavioral Mechanisms ◽  
Motivated Behaviors ◽  
Behavioral Constructs ◽  
Reduce Energy Intake

Eating behaviors are influenced by the reinforcing properties of foods that can favor decisions driven by reward incentives over metabolic needs. These food reward-motivated behaviors are modulated by gut-derived peptides such as ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) that are well-established to promote or reduce energy intake, respectively. In this review we highlight the antagonizing actions of ghrelin and GLP-1 on various behavioral constructs related to food reward/reinforcement, including reactivity to food cues, conditioned meal anticipation, effort-based food-motivated behaviors, and flavor-nutrient preference and aversion learning. We integrate physiological and behavioral neuroscience studies conducted in both rodents and human to illustrate translational findings of interest for the treatment of obesity or metabolic impairments. Collectively, the literature discussed herein highlights a model where ghrelin and GLP-1 regulate food reward-motivated behaviors via both competing and independent neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms.

scholarly journals Effects of oligofructose on appetite profile, glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY3-36 concentrations and energy intake

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 1757-1762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanne P. M. Verhoef ◽  
Diederick Meyer ◽  
Klaas R. Westerterp
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Time Treatment ◽  
Satiety Hormone ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Reduce Energy Intake

In rats, oligofructose has been shown to stimulate satiety hormone secretion, reduce energy intake and promote weight loss. The present study aimed to examine the effect of oligofructose supplementation on appetite profiles, satiety hormone concentrations and energy intake in human subjects. A total of thirty-one healthy subjects (ten men and twenty-one women) aged 28 (sem 3) years with a BMI of 24·8 (sem 0·3) kg/m2 were included in a randomised double-blind, cross-over study. The subjects received 10 g oligofructose, 16 g oligofructose or 16 g placebo (maltodextrin) daily for 13 d, with a 2-week washout period between treatments. Appetite profile, active glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY3-36 (PYY) concentrations and energy intake were assessed on days 0 and 13 of the treatment period. Time × treatment interaction revealed a trend of reduction in energy intake over days 0–13 by oligofructose (P = 0·068). Energy intake was significantly reduced (11 %) over time on day 13 compared with day 0 with 16 g/d oligofructose (2801 (sem 301) v. 3217 (sem 320) kJ, P < 0·05). Moreover, energy intake was significantly lower with 16 g/d oligofructose compared with 10 g/d oligofructose on day 13 (2801 (sem 301) v. 3177 (sem 276) kJ, P < 0·05). Area under the curve (AUC) for GLP-1 on day 13 was significantly higher with 16 g/d oligofructose compared with 10 g/d oligofructose (45 (sem 4) v. 41 (sem 3) pmol/l × h, P < 0·05). In the morning until lunch, AUC0–230 min for PYY on day 13 was significantly higher with 16 g/d oligofructose compared with 10 g/d oligofructose and placebo (409 (sem 35) v. 222 (sem 19) and 211 (sem 20) pg/ml × h, P < 0·01). In conclusion, 16 g/d and not 10 g/d oligofructose may be an effective dose to reduce energy intake, possibly supported by higher GLP-1 and PYY concentrations.

scholarly journals Effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists on comorbidities in older patients with diabetes mellitus

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 204062231986269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olusola F. Onoviran ◽  
Dongming Li ◽  
Sarah Toombs Smith ◽  
Mukaila A. Raji
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Adverse Drug Events ◽  
Case Discussion ◽  
Receptor Agonists ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Multiple Conditions

Elderly patients with diabetes are at high risk of polypharmacy because of multiple coexisting diseases and syndromes. Polypharmacy increases the risk of drug–drug and drug–disease interactions in these patients, who may already have age-related sensory and cognitive deficits; such deficits may delay timely communication of early symptoms of adverse drug events. Several glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have been approved for diabetes: liraglutide, exenatide, lixisenatide, dulagluatide, semaglutide, and albiglutide. Some are also approved for treatment of obesity. The current review of literature along with clinical case discussion provides evidence supporting GLP-1 RAs as diabetes medications for polypharmacy reduction in older diabetes patients because of their multiple pleiotropic effects on comorbidities (e.g. hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and fatty liver) and syndromes (e.g. osteoporosis and sleep apnea) that commonly co-occur with diabetes. Using one medication (in this case, GLP-1 RAs) to address multiple conditions may help reduce costs, medication burden, adverse drug events, and medication nonadherence.

scholarly journals Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Receptor Therapies For The Treatment Of Obesity, Do Agonists = Antagonists?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A Killion ◽  
Shu-Chen Lu ◽  
Madeline Fort ◽  
Yuichiro Yamada ◽  
Murielle M Véniant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Mouse Genetics ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity

Abstract Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor (GIPR) is associated with obesity in human genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Similarly, mouse genetic studies indicate that loss of function alleles and GIP overexpression both protect from high-fat diet (HFD)-induced weight gain. Together, these data provide compelling evidence to develop therapies targeting GIPR for the treatment of obesity. Further, both antagonists and agonists alone prevent weight gain, but result in remarkable weight loss when co-dosed or molecularly combined with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs preclinically. Here, we review the current literature on GIPR, including biology, human and mouse genetics, and pharmacology of both agonists and antagonists, discussing the similarities and differences between the two approaches. Despite opposite approaches being investigated preclinically and clinically, there may be viability of both agonists and antagonists for the treatment of obesity and we expect this area to continue to evolve with new clinical data and molecular and pharmacological analyses of GIPR function.

scholarly journals A Nephrologist Perspective on Obesity: From Kidney Injury to Clinical Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara García-Carro ◽  
Ander Vergara ◽  
Sheila Bermejo ◽  
María A. Azancot ◽  
Joana Sellarés ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Glucose Lowering ◽  
New Frontier ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Angiotensin Blockade

Obesity is one of the epidemics of our era. Its prevalence is higher than 30% in the U.S. and it is estimated to increase by 50% in 2030. Obesity is associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality and it is known to be a cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Typically, obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG) is ascribed to renal hemodynamic changes that lead to hyperfiltration, albuminuria and, finally, impairment in glomerular filtration rate due to glomerulosclerosis. Though not only hemodynamics are responsible for ORG: adipokines could cause local effects on mesangial and tubular cells and podocytes promoting maladaptive responses to hyperfiltration. Furthermore, hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, two conditions generally associated with obesity, are both amplifiers of obesity injury in the renal parenchyma, as well as complications of overweight. As in the native kidney, obesity is also related to worse outcomes in kidney transplantation. Despite its impact in CKD and cardiovascular morbility and mortality, therapeutic strategies to fight against obesity-related CKD were limited for decades to renin-angiotensin blockade and bariatric surgery for patients who accomplished very restrictive criteria. Last years, different drugs have been approved or are under study for the treatment of obesity. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists are promising in obesity-related CKD since they have shown benefits in terms of losing weight in obese patients, as well as preventing the onset of macroalbuminuria and slowing the decline of eGFR in type 2 diabetes. These new families of glucose-lowering drugs are a new frontier to be crossed by nephrologists to stop obesity-related CKD progression.

scholarly journals GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Type 2 Diabetes and Beyond – New Insights 2015

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baptist Gallwitz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
European Association ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Diabetes Therapy ◽  
Receptor Agonists ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Long Acting

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) were introduced for type 2 diabetes therapy nearly 10 years ago, among them short-acting compounds on the basis of the GLP-1-like peptide exendin-4 (exenatide and lixisenatide) and a long-acting GLP-1 RA based on the human GLP-1 sequence (liraglutide). Recently, two novel long-acting GLP-1 RAs on the basis of human GLP-1 sequence, for onceweekly application, have been approved for therapy of type 2 diabetes. Additionally, liraglutide has been approved for treatment of obesity at a higher dose than that used for diabetes therapy. This mini-review gives a short overview of the novel long-acting GLP-1 RAs albiglutide and dulaglutide and also reviews the studies of liraglutide in treatment of obesity leading to its approval for this use. These studies were largely presented at the annual meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) in fall 2014.

scholarly journals Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Receptor Therapies for the Treatment of Obesity, Do Agonists = Antagonists?

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A Killion ◽  
Shu-Chen Lu ◽  
Madeline Fort ◽  
Yuichiro Yamada ◽  
Murielle M Véniant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Mouse Genetics ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity

Abstract Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) is associated with obesity in human genome-wide association studies. Similarly, mouse genetic studies indicate that loss of function alleles and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide overexpression both protect from high-fat diet–induced weight gain. Together, these data provide compelling evidence to develop therapies targeting GIPR for the treatment of obesity. Further, both antagonists and agonists alone prevent weight gain, but result in remarkable weight loss when codosed or molecularly combined with glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs preclinically. Here, we review the current literature on GIPR, including biology, human and mouse genetics, and pharmacology of both agonists and antagonists, discussing the similarities and differences between the 2 approaches. Despite opposite approaches being investigated preclinically and clinically, there may be viability of both agonists and antagonists for the treatment of obesity, and we expect this area to continue to evolve with new clinical data and molecular and pharmacological analyses of GIPR function.

Investigational glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists for the treatment of obesity

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 1167-1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Tomlinson ◽  
Miao Hu ◽  
Yuzhen Zhang ◽  
Paul Chan ◽  
Zhong-Min Liu
Keyword(s):  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document