scholarly journals Determining the Influence of Habitual Dietary Protein Intake on Physiological Muscle Parameters in Youth and Older Age

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 3560
Author(s):  
Sophie L. Mathewson ◽  
Adam L. Gordon ◽  
Kenneth Smith ◽  
Philip J. Atherton ◽  
Carolyn A. Greig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Knee Extensor Strength ◽  
Body Strength

Protein ingestion is a potent stimulator of skeletal muscle protein synthesis (MPS). However, older adults demonstrate resistance to anabolic stimuli. Some evidence has demonstrated that a larger acute protein dose is required in older compared to younger adults to elicit the same synthetic response, suggesting that older adults should be consuming higher habitual dietary protein to optimise muscle mass. However, limited research has explored dietary habits in different age groups or the relationship between habitual dietary intake and mechanistic physiological parameters associated with muscle mass and function. This work investigated the effect of habitual dietary intake in young (n = 10, 25.9 (3.2y)) and older (n = 16, 70.2 (3.2y)) community-dwelling adults (16:10 male: female) on physiological muscle parameters. Dietary intake was assessed using four-day diet diaries. Post-absorptive MPS and MPS responses to feeding (4.25x basal metabolic rate; 16% protein) were determined in muscle biopsies of the m. vastus lateralis via stable isotope tracer ([1, 2−13C2]-leucine) infusions with mass-spectrometric analyses. Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Whole body strength was assessed via 1-repetition maximum assessments. No significant differences in habitual dietary intake (protein, fat, carbohydrate and leucine as g.kgWBLM−1.day−1) were observed between age groups. Whole-body lean mass (61.8 ± 9.9 vs. 49.8 ± 11.9 kg, p = 0.01) and knee-extensor strength (87.7 ± 28.3 vs. 56.8 ± 16.4 kg, p = 0.002) were significantly higher in young adults. Habitual protein intake (g.kg−1.day−1) was not associated with whole-body lean mass, upper-leg lean mass, whole-body strength, knee-extensor strength, basal MPS or fed-state MPS across both age groups. These findings suggest that differences in muscle mass and strength parameters between youth and older age are not explained by differences in habitual dietary protein intake. Further research with a larger sample size is needed to fully explore these relationships and inform on interventions to mitigate sarcopenia development.

scholarly journals Considering Median Dietary Protein Intake Per Kg Body Weight of Representative Non-frail Elderlies in Establishing Protein Recommendation for Community-dwelling Elders? (P01-008-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Harn Pan ◽  
Szu-Yun Wu ◽  
Naihua Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Adequate Intake ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Objectives Indicator of Amino Acid Oxidation (IAAO) method is a state-of-art method to determine protein requirement. A recent review summarized the estimated average requirement (EAR) derived from IAAO plus two standard deviations as around 1.15–1.29 g/Kg body weight (BW) for elderlies. However, emerging evidence shows that providing protein beyond nitrogen balance point (as high as 1.5 g/Kg BW) to frail or pre-frail elderlies seems to provide additional benefit on muscle mass and performance, compared to 1.2 g/Kg BW. It is not clear whether community-dwelling elders require higher than 1.2–1.3 g/Kg BW to maintain adequate muscle mass and quality. This study intends to derive dietary protein Adequate Intake (AI) from a group of representative community-dwelling non-frail elderlies in Taiwan. Methods Using the 24-hour recall data of 1430 elderly adults (65y) from the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan, 2014–2016, protein intake by age groups (65–69; 70–79; 80+) and by frailty levels (robust; pre-frail; frail) in both genders was estimated. Frailty phenotypes were determined using Linda Fried criteria. SUDAAN was used for statistical analysis. Results Mean levels of protein intake were 1.2, 1.4, and 1.3 g per Kg body weight (BW) per day (d) for men aged 65–69, 70–79, and 80+; and 1.2, 1.3, and 0.9 g/Kg BW/d for women at the same age groups. The mean protein intakes were 1.4, 1.3, and 1.2 g/kg BW/d for elderly men at robust, pre-frail, and frail states, respectively; and they were 1.3, 1.2, and 1.0 for women. The median were 1.3, 1.2, and 1.1 for men and 1.3, 1.1, and 1.1 for women. Conclusions Adequate intake of the community-dwelling elderly Taiwanese men and women is estimated around 1.3 g/Kg BW/d, taking into consideration the frailty issue. This information may be considered complementary to IAAO data in establishing protein requirement. Funding Sources Health Promotion Agency; International Life Science Institutes; Academia Sinica.

scholarly journals Sex differences in association of protein intake with loss of appendicular lean mass in older adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liset Elstgeest ◽  
Laura Schaap ◽  
Martijn Heymans ◽  
Linda Hengeveld ◽  
Denise Houston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein Intake ◽  
Men And Women

A lower dietary protein intake has been associated with muscle mass loss, a decline in physical performance and more mobility limitations over time in old age. Current guidelines for protein intake advise ≥ 0.8 g/kg body weight (BW)/d, while experts propose a higher intake for older adults (1.0–1.2 g/kg BW/d), irrespective of sex. It is unknown whether the association between protein intake and loss of muscle mass is different for men and women, and whether there is an optimal protein intake to prevent this loss. Therefore, we investigated the shape of the association between protein intake and change in appendicular lean mass (aLM) over 3 years in community-dwelling older adults, separately for men and women. Data of men (n = 935) and women (n = 1061) aged 70–81 years and participating in the Health, Aging and Body Composition study were used. Dietary protein intake, measured in 1998/1999 using a food frequency questionnaire, was expressed in daily grams of protein per kg adjusted BW (g/kg aBW/d) by using healthy instead of actual BW. aLM was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and after 3 years. Restricted cubic spline functions with 3 knots in linear regression models were used as well as linear regression analyses. The fit of both models was compared using the likelihood ratio test. All analyses were stratified by sex and adjusted for demographics, lifestyle factors, chronic conditions, height and baseline aLM. Mean (SD) protein intake was 70.8 (26.2) g in men and 61.0 (22.5) g in women, or 0.93 (0.36) and 0.95 (0.36) g/kg aBW/d, respectively. Over 3 years, mean loss of aLM was 0.61 (1.16) kg in men and 0.35 (0.95) kg in women. In both men and women, the likelihood ratio was not significant (P = 0.57 and 0.67, respectively), indicating that the spline regression model did not fit the data better than the linear regression model. In men, the linear model showed no association between protein intake and change in aLM (adjusted B per 0.1 g/kg aBW/d = 18.1, P = 0.34). In women, a higher protein intake was associated with a smaller loss of aLM (adjusted B per 0.1 g/kg aBW/d = 34.5, P = 0.017). This study suggests a linear association between protein intake and 3-year loss of aLM in older women; however, no association was found in older men. Future studies into sex differences in associations with other physical outcomes are needed. For both sexes, an optimal protein intake could not be detected.

Association between lean mass and dietary protein intake in postmenopausal women

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladyslav Povoroznyuk ◽  
Nataliia Dzerovych ◽  
Roksolana Povorooznyuk
Keyword(s):  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein Intake

Body Composition, Dietary Intake, and Iron Status of Female Collegiate Swimmers and Divers

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi L. Petersen ◽  
C. Ted Peterson ◽  
Manju B. Reddy ◽  
Kathy B. Hanson ◽  
James H. Swain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
X Ray

This study determined the effect of training on body composition, dietary intake, and iron status of eumenorrheic female collegiate swimmers (n = 18) and divers (n = 6) preseason and after 16 wk of training. Athletes trained on dryland (resistance, strength, fexibility) 3 d/wk, 1.5 h/d and in-water 6 d/wk, nine, 2-h sessions per week (6400 to 10,000 kJ/d). Body-mass index (kg/m2; P = 0.05), waist and hip circumferences (P ≤ 0.0001), whole body fat mass (P = 0.0002), and percentage body fat (P ≤ 0.0001) decreased, whereas lean mass increased (P = 0.028). Using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, we found no change in regional lean mass, but fat decreased at the waist (P = 0.0002), hip (P = 0.0002), and thigh (P = 0.002). Energy intake (10,061 ± 3617 kJ/d) did not change, but dietary quality improved with training, as refected by increased intakes of fber (P = 0.036), iron (P = 0.015), vitamin C (P = 0.029), vitamin B-6 (P = 0.032), and fruit (P = 0.003). Iron status improved as refected by slight increases in hemoglobin (P = 0.046) and hematocrit (P = 0.014) and decreases in serum transferrin receptor (P ≤ 0.0001). Studies are needed to further evaluate body composition and iron status in relation to dietary intake in female swimmers.

Whole-body leucine and lysine metabolism: response to dietary protein intake in young men

1981 ◽  
Vol 240 (6) ◽  
pp. E712-E721 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Motil ◽  
D. E. Matthews ◽  
D. M. Bier ◽  
J. F. Burke ◽  
H. N. Munro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Dietary Protein Intake ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Fed State ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Lysine Metabolism

Whole-body leucine and lysine metabolism was explored in young adult men by a primed constant intravenous infusion of a mixture of L-[1–13C]leucine and L-[alpha-15N]lysine over a 4-h period. Subjects were studied after an overnight fast (postabsorptive state) or while consuming hourly meals (fed state) after adaptation to diets providing either a surfeit level of protein (1.5 g.kg body-1.day-1), a level approximating maintenance requirements (marginal intake) (0.6 g.kg body wt-1.day-1), or a grossly inadequate level (0.1 g.kg-1.day-1). The change in protein intake from a marginal to a surfeit level was associated with an increased leucine flux and incorporation of leucine into body protein. In the fed state, oxidation of leucine increased sharply and release of leucine from tissue protein diminished. When dietary protein intake was reduced from the requirement to inadequate level, leucine flux and body protein synthesis and protein breakdown were reduced, together with a smaller reduction in leucine oxidation. The response of the metabolism of [15N]lysine was responsible for maintenance of leucine and other essential amino acid economy, and they appear to be related to the nitrogen and amino acid requirements of the subject. These findings also demonstrate an effect of meals, modulated by their protein content, on the dynamics of whole-body amino acid metabolism.

scholarly journals Dietary protein intake does not modulate daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates or loss of muscle mass and function during short-term immobilization in young men: a randomized controlled trial

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Paul Kilroe ◽  
Jonathan Fulford ◽  
Sarah Jackman ◽  
Andrew Holwerda ◽  
Annemie Gijsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Quadriceps Muscle ◽  
Myofibrillar Protein ◽  
Muscle Volume ◽  
Dietary Protein Intake ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Muscle Disuse ◽  
Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis

ABSTRACT Background Short-term (<1 wk) muscle disuse lowers daily myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) rates resulting in muscle mass loss. The understanding of how daily dietary protein intake influences such muscle deconditioning requires further investigation. Objectives To assess the influence of graded dietary protein intakes on daily MyoPS rates and the loss of muscle mass during 3 d of disuse. Methods Thirty-three healthy young men (aged 22 ± 1 y; BMI = 23 ± 1 kg/m2) initially consumed the same standardized diet for 5 d, providing 1.6 g protein/kg body mass/d. Thereafter, participants underwent a 3-d period of unilateral leg immobilization during which they were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 eucaloric diets containing relatively high, low, or no protein (HIGH: 1.6, LOW: 0.5, NO: 0.15 g protein/kg/d; n = 11 per group). One day prior to immobilization participants ingested 400 mL deuterated water (D2O) with 50-mL doses consumed daily thereafter. Prior to and immediately after immobilization upper leg bilateral MRI scans and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were performed to measure quadriceps muscle volume and daily MyoPS rates, respectively. Results Quadriceps muscle volume of the control legs remained unchanged throughout the experiment (P > 0.05). Immobilization led to 2.3 ± 0.4%, 2.7 ± 0.2%, and 2.0 ± 0.4% decreases in quadriceps muscle volume (P < 0.05) of the immobilized leg in the HIGH, LOW, and NO groups (P < 0.05), respectively, with no significant differences between groups (P > 0.05). D2O ingestion resulted in comparable plasma free [2H]-alanine enrichments during immobilization (∼2.5 mole percentage excess) across groups (P > 0.05). Daily MyoPS rates during immobilization were 30 ± 2% (HIGH), 26 ± 3% (LOW), and 27 ± 2% (NO) lower in the immobilized compared with the control leg, with no significant differences between groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions Three days of muscle disuse induces considerable declines in muscle mass and daily MyoPS rates. However, daily protein intake does not modulate any of these muscle deconditioning responses. Clinical trial registry number: NCT03797781

scholarly journals Impact of Meeting Different Guidelines for Protein Intake on Muscle Mass and Physical Function in Physically Active Older Women

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Nilsson ◽  
Diego Montiel Rojas ◽  
Fawzi Kadi
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein Intake ◽  
Physical Limitations

The role of dietary protein intake on muscle mass and physical function in older adults is important for the prevention of age-related physical limitations. The aim of the present study was to elucidate links between dietary protein intake and muscle mass and physical function in older women meeting current guidelines of objectively assessed physical activity. In 106 women (65 to 70 years old), protein intake was assessed using a 6-day food record and participants were classified into high and low protein intake groups using two Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) thresholds (0.8 g·kg−1 bodyweight (BW) and 1.1 g·kg−1 BW). Body composition, aerobic fitness, and quadriceps strength were determined using standardized procedures, and self-reported physical function was assessed using the SF-12 Health Survey. Physical activity was assessed by accelerometry and self-report. Women below the 0.8 g·kg−1 BW threshold had a lower muscle mass (p < 0.05) with no differences in physical function variables. When based on the higher RDA threshold (1.1 g·kg−1 BW), in addition to significant differences in muscle mass, women below the higher threshold had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher likelihood of having physical limitations. In conclusion, the present study supports the RDA threshold of 0.8 g·kg−1 BW of proteins to prevent the loss of muscle mass and emphasizes the importance of the higher RDA threshold of at least 1.1 g·kg−1 BW to infer additional benefits on constructs of physical function. Our study also supports the role of protein intake for healthy ageing, even in older adults meeting guidelines for physical activity.

scholarly journals Sarcopenia in older black South African women and relationships with physical activity and protein intake

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy E. Mendham ◽  
Naomi E. Brooks ◽  
Lisa K. Micklesfield ◽  
Mieke Faber ◽  
Dirk L. Christensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Hs Crp ◽  
High Cadence

AbstractIntroductionSouth Africa (SA) is a developing country with an ageing population. Adequate nutrition and physical activity (PA) protect against the loss of muscle mass and physical function, both of which are important components of sarcopenia. This study aimed to measure the prevalence of sarcopenia in older black SA women and investigate its associations with PA and protein intake.Materials and MethodsOlder black SA women (age, 68 (range; 60–85 years) n = 122) completed sociodemographic questionnaires, 24 h urine collection (estimate protein intake), venous blood (hs-C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and ferritin), functional tests (grip strength, 3 m timed-up-and-go (TUG), 10 m walk test) and PA monitoring (activPAL). Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry whole-body scans assessed fat and fat-free soft tissue mass (FFSTM).ResultsAccording to the European Working group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP)2, 2.5% (n = 3) had confirmed sarcopenia of a low severity based on normal physical function. Of the total cohort, 9% (n = 11) had low grip strength, 22.1% (n = 27) had a low appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI), and no women had low TUG (s) or gait speed (m/s). Higher ASMI was associated with lower hs-CRP (p = 0.05; Rho = -0.209) and higher ferritin (Rho = 0.252; p = 0.019), grip strength (kg, Rho = 0.223; p = 0.015), and gait speed (m/s, Rho = 0.180; p = 0.050). Protein intake suggested intake of 41.8g/day/ or 0.51 g/kg of body mass/day. Higher total protein intake (g/24h), was associated with higher FFSTM (kg) and ASMI (p < 0.001). PA outcomes were not correlated with FFSTM or ASMI (p > 0.05), however, there was a strong positive correlation of TUG (s) and gait speed (m/s) with time spent: 1) stepping per day (min) and; 2) at a high cadence (> 100 steps/min) (all p < 0.01). Daily step count was 7137 ± 3233 (mean ± Standard deviation), with 97.9 ± 38.7 min of total time spent stepping and 12.6 ± 16.8 min spent stepping at a high cadence (> 100 steps/min). Of note, 13.9% (n = 17) of women were completing > 10,000 steps/day.DiscussionBased on the EWGSOP2 criteria, there is a low prevalence of sarcopenia in older black SA women, explained by the maintenance of strength and physical function that directly related to PA, especially that performed at higher intensities. In contrast, low muscle mass was relatively prevalent (22.1%) and was associated with low dietary protein and not PA. Notably, it may be important to review the cut-points of EWGSOP2 criteria to be specific to the older SA women from disadvantaged communities.

Effects of dietary protein restriction on regional amino acid metabolism in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (1) ◽  
pp. E148-E157 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. G. Brodsky ◽  
J. T. Devlin
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Protein Restriction ◽  
Insulin Dependent Diabetes ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Dietary Protein Restriction ◽  
Insulin Dependent

We studied subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and controls by administering primed continuous infusions of L-[1-13C,15N)]leucine and L-[2,3-13C2]alanine to measure whole body and forearm metabolism of these amino acids during ample protein intake and again after 4 wk of moderately restricted protein intake. Decreased rates of whole body protein degradation, leucine transamination, leucine oxidation, and increased forearm alanine release produced by dietary protein restriction occurred equivalently in IDDM subjects under short-term tightly managed glycemia and in controls. Dietary protein restriction did not affect whole body alanine appearance or forearm leucine appearance, disposal, or balance in IDDM subjects or controls. IDDM subjects differed from controls only in that normal forearm leucine balance was maintained at higher rates of leucine appearance and disposal. We conclude that IDDM subjects adapt normally to dietary protein restriction. Undernutrition during moderate protein deprivation in these patients likely occurs during episodes of poor glycemic control.

scholarly journals Complementary Biomarker Assessment of Components Absorbed from Diet and Creatinine Excretion Rate Reflecting Muscle Mass in Dialysis Patients

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Post ◽  
Akin Ozyilmaz ◽  
Ralf Westerhuis ◽  
Karin Ipema ◽  
Stephan Bakker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Excretion Rate ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Dialysis Patients ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Creatinine Excretion ◽  
Creatinine Excretion Rate

To prevent protein energy malnutrition (PEM) and accumulation of waste products, dialysis patients require diet adjustments. Dietary intake assessed by self-reported intakes often provides biased information and standard 24-h urinary excretion is inapplicable in dialysis patients. We aimed to assess dietary intake via a complementary, less biased biomarker method, and to compare this to dietary diaries. Additionally, we investigated the prospective association of creatinine excretion rate (CER) reflecting muscle mass with mortality. Complete intradialytic dialysate and interdialytic urinary collections were used to calculate 24-h excretion of protein, sodium, potassium, phosphate and creatinine in 42 chronic dialysis patients and compared with protein, sodium, potassium, and phosphate intake assessed by 5-day dietary diaries. Cox regression analyses were employed to investigate associations of CER with mortality. Mean age was 64 ± 13 years and 52% were male. Complementary biomarker assessed (CBA) and dietary assessed (DA) protein intake were significantly correlated (r = 0.610; p < 0.001), but there was a constant bias, as dietary diaries overestimated protein intake in most patients. Correlations were found between CBA and DA sodium intake (r = 0.297; p = 0.056), potassium intake (r = 0.312; p = 0.047) and phosphate uptake/intake (r = 0.409; p = 0.008). However, Bland-Altman analysis showed significant proportional bias. During a median follow-up of 26.6 (25.3–31.5) months, nine dialysis patients (23%) died. CER was independently and inversely associated with survival (HR: 0.59 (0.42–0.84); p = 0.003). Excretion measurements may be a more reliable assessment of dietary intake in dialysis patients, as this method is relatively free from biases known to exist for self-reported intakes. CER seems to be a promising tool for monitoring PEM.

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