scholarly journals Molecular Aspects of COVID-19 Differential Pathogenesis

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussin A. Rothan ◽  
Arpan Acharya ◽  
St Patrick Reid ◽  
Mukesh Kumar ◽  
Siddappa N. Byrareddy
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Candidate ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Cellular Receptors ◽  
High Mutation Frequency ◽  
Molecular Aspects ◽  
Genomic Material

In the absence of therapeutic interventions, and a possible vaccine candidate, the spread of COVID-19 disease and associated fatalities are on the rise. The high mutation frequency in the genomic material of these viruses supports their ability to adapt to new environments, resulting in an efficient alteration in tissue tropism and host range. Therefore, the coronavirus’ health threats could be relevant for the long-term. The epidemiological data indicate that age, sex, and cardio-metabolic disease have a significant impact on the spread and severity of COVID-19. In this review, we highlight recent updates on the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 among men and women, including children. We also discuss the role of the cellular receptors and coreceptors used by the virus to enter host cells on differential infection among men, women, and cardio-metabolic patients.

scholarly journals Body Localization of ACE-2: On the Trail of the Keyhole of SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Salamanna ◽  
Melania Maglio ◽  
Maria Paola Landini ◽  
Milena Fini
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Specific Patient ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Body Distribution ◽  
Organ Failures ◽  
Personalized Approach ◽  
Potential Interactions

The explosion of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has brought the role of the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) back into the scientific limelight. Since SARS-CoV-2 must bind the ACE2 for entering the host cells in humans, its expression and body localization are critical to track the potential target organ of this infection and to outline disease progression and clinical outcomes. Here, we mapped the physiological body distribution, expression, and activities of ACE2 and discussed its potential correlations and mutal interactions with the disparate symptoms present in SARS-CoV-2 patients at the level of different organs. We highlighted that despite during SARS-CoV-2 infection ACE2-expressing organs may become direct targets, leading to severe pathological manifestations, and subsequent multiple organ failures, the exact mechanism and the potential interactions through which ACE2 acts in these organs is still heavily debated. Further scientific efforts, also considering a personalized approach aimed to consider specific patient differences in the mutual interactions ACE2-SARS-CoV-2 and the long-term health effects associated with COVID-19 are currently mandatory.

scholarly journals Bioluminescent Ross River Virus Allows Live Monitoring of Acute and Long-Term Alphaviral Infection by In Vivo Imaging

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Essia Belarbi ◽  
Vincent Legros ◽  
Justine Basset ◽  
Philippe Desprès ◽  
Pierre Roques ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunosuppressive Treatment ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Bioluminescent Signal

Arboviruses like chikungunya and Ross River (RRV) are responsible for massive outbreaks of viral polyarthritis. There is no effective treatment or vaccine available against these viruses that induce prolonged and disabling arthritis. To explore the physiopathological mechanisms of alphaviral arthritis, we engineered a recombinant RRV expressing a NanoLuc reporter (RRV-NLuc), which exhibited high stability, near native replication kinetics and allowed real time monitoring of viral spread in an albino mouse strain. During the acute phase of the disease, we observed a high bioluminescent signal reflecting viral replication and dissemination in the infected mice. Using Bindarit, an anti-inflammatory drug that inhibits monocyte recruitment, we observed a reduction in viral dissemination demonstrating the important role of monocytes in the propagation of the virus and the adaptation of this model to the in vivo evaluation of treatment strategies. After resolution of the acute symptoms, we observed an increase in the bioluminescent signal in mice subjected to an immunosuppressive treatment 30 days post infection, thus showing active in vivo replication of remnant virus. We show here that this novel reporter virus is suitable to study the alphaviral disease up to the chronic phase, opening new perspectives for the evaluation of therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals Temperate infection in a virus–host system previously known for virulent dynamics

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Knowles ◽  
Juan A. Bonachela ◽  
Michael J. Behrenfeld ◽  
Karen G. Bondoc ◽  
B. B. Cael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Model System ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Host System ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
Bloom Formation ◽  
Virus Model ◽  
Host Death ◽  
Viral Reproduction

Abstract The blooming cosmopolitan coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi and its viruses (EhVs) are a model for density-dependent virulent dynamics. EhVs commonly exhibit rapid viral reproduction and drive host death in high-density laboratory cultures and mesocosms that simulate blooms. Here we show that this system exhibits physiology-dependent temperate dynamics at environmentally relevant E. huxleyi host densities rather than virulent dynamics, with viruses switching from a long-term non-lethal temperate phase in healthy hosts to a lethal lytic stage as host cells become physiologically stressed. Using this system as a model for temperate infection dynamics, we present a template to diagnose temperate infection in other virus–host systems by integrating experimental, theoretical, and environmental approaches. Finding temperate dynamics in such an established virulent host–virus model system indicates that temperateness may be more pervasive than previously considered, and that the role of viruses in bloom formation and decline may be governed by host physiology rather than by host–virus densities.

Brain damage of the preterm infant: new insights into the role of inflammation

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 557-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliette Van Steenwinckel ◽  
Anne-Laure Schang ◽  
Stéphanie Sigaut ◽  
Vibol Chhor ◽  
Vincent Degos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Damage ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Multiple Hit

Epidemiological studies have shown a strong association between perinatal infection/inflammation and brain damage in preterm infants and/or neurological handicap in survivors. Experimental studies have shown a causal effect of infection/inflammation on perinatal brain damage. Infection including inflammatory factors can disrupt programmes of brain development and, in particular, induce death and/or blockade of oligodendrocyte maturation, leading to myelin defects. Alternatively, in the so-called multiple-hit hypothesis, infection/inflammation can act as predisposing factors, making the brain more susceptible to a second stress (sensitization process), such as hypoxic–ischaemic or excitotoxic insults. Epidemiological data also suggest that perinatal exposure to inflammatory factors could predispose to long-term diseases including psychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals Impact of Arginine Nutrition and Metabolism during Pregnancy on Offspring Outcomes

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chien-Ning Hsu ◽  
You-Lin Tain
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathway ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Developmental Programming ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Arginine Supplementation ◽  
In Pregnancy

By serving as a precursor for the synthesis of nitric oxide, polyamines, and other molecules with biological importance, arginine plays a key role in pregnancy and fetal development. Arginine supplementation is a potential therapy for treating many human diseases. An impaired arginine metabolic pathway during gestation might produce long-term morphological or functional changes in the offspring, namely, developmental programming to increase vulnerability to developing a variety of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in later life. In contrast, reprogramming is a strategy that shifts therapeutic interventions from adulthood to early-life, in order to reverse the programming processes, which might counterbalance the rising epidemic of NCDs. This review presented the role of arginine synthesis and metabolism in pregnancy. We also provided evidence for the links between an impaired arginine metabolic pathway and the pathogenesis of compromised pregnancy and fetal programming. This was followed by reprogramming strategies targeting the arginine metabolic pathway, to prevent the developmental programming of NCDs. Despite emerging evidence from experimental studies showing that targeting the arginine metabolic pathway has promise as a reprogramming strategy in pregnancy to prevent NCDs in the offspring, these results need further clinical application.

Abusive head trauma (AHT) outcome at long-term follow-up and the role of elective neurosurgical approach: A report of 22 cases

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Menegazzo ◽  
Melissa Rosa Rizzotto ◽  
Martina Bua ◽  
Luisa Pinello ◽  
Elisabetta Tono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Head Trauma ◽  
Abusive Head Trauma ◽  
Long Term Follow Up

The Second Start of Transformation in Ukraine?

2014 ◽  
pp. 30-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Grigoryev ◽  
E. Buryak ◽  
A. Golyashev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Investment Climate ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Personal Consumption ◽  
Governance Quality ◽  
Political Turmoil

The Ukrainian socio-economic crisis has been developing for years and resulted in the open socio-political turmoil and armed conflict. The Ukrainian population didn’t meet objectives of the post-Soviet transformation, and people were disillusioned for years, losing trust in the state and the Future. The role of workers’ remittances in the Ukrainian economy is underestimated, since the personal consumption and stability depend strongly on them. Social inequality, oligarchic control of key national assets contributed to instability as well as regional disparity, aggravated by identity differences. Economic growth is slow due to a long-term underinvestment, and prospects of improvement are dependent on some difficult institutional reforms, macro stability, open external markets and the elites’ consensus. Recovering after socio-economic and political crisis will need not merely time, but also governance quality improvement, institutions reform, the investment climate revival - that can be attributed as the second transformation in Ukraine.

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