Mucosal Vaccination via the Respiratory Tract

Vaccine delivery via mucosal surfaces is an interesting alternative to parenteral vaccine administration, as it avoids the use of a needle and syringe. Mucosal vaccine administration also targets the mucosal immune system, which is the largest lymphoid tissue in the human body. The mucosal immune response involves systemic, antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune response in addition to a local response which is characterised by a predominantly cytotoxic T cell response in combination with secreted IgA. This antibody facilitates pathogen recognition and deletion prior to entrance into the body. Hence, administration via the respiratory mucosa can be favoured for all pathogens which use the respiratory tract as entry to the body, such as influenza and for all diseases directly affecting the respiratory tract such as pneumonia. Additionally, the different mucosal tissues of the human body are interconnected via the so-called “common mucosal immune system”, which allows induction of an antigen-specific immune response in distant mucosal sites. Finally, mucosal administration is also interesting in the area of therapeutic vaccination, in which a predominant cellular immune response is required, as this can efficiently be induced by this route of delivery. The review gives an introduction to respiratory vaccination, formulation approaches and application strategies.

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Pleuran (β-glucan from Pleurotus ostreatus) supplementation, cellular immune response and respiratory tract infections in athletes

European Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1007/s00421-011-1837-z ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 111 (9) ◽

pp. 2033-2040 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

Katarina Bergendiova ◽

Elena Tibenska ◽

Juraj Majtan

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Cellular Immune Response ◽

Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Cellular Immune

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Splenectomy is Associated with Altered Leukocyte Kinetics after Severe Trauma

10.21203/rs.3.rs-36605/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Michel Teuben ◽

Arne Hollman ◽

Taco J. Blokhuis ◽

Roman Pfeifer ◽

Roy Spijkerman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Cellular Immune Response ◽

Severe Trauma ◽

Multiple Organ ◽

Liver Trauma ◽

Trauma Patients ◽

Severely Injured ◽

Cellular Immune

Abstract Background Inadequate activation of the innate immune system after trauma can lead to severe complications such as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome. The spleen is thought to modulate the cellular immune system. Furthermore, splenectomy is associated with improved outcome in severely injured trauma patients. We hypothesized that a splenectomy alters the cellular immune response in polytrauma.Methods All adult patients with an ISS ≥ 16 and suffering from splenic or hepatic injuries were selected from our prospective trauma database. Absolute leukocyte numbers in peripheral blood were measured. White blood cell kinetics during the first 14 days were compared between splenectomized patients, patients treated surgically for liver trauma and nonoperatively treated individuals.Results A total of 129 patients with a mean ISS of 29 were included. Admission characteristics and leukocyte numbers were similar in all groups, except for slightly impaired hemodynamic status in patients with operatively treated liver injuries. On admission, leukocytosis occurred in all groups. During the first 24 hours, leukopenia developed gradually, although significantly faster in the operatively treated patients. Thereafter, leukocyte levels normalized in all nonoperatively treated cases whereas leukocytosis persisted in operatively treated patients. This effect was significantly more prominent in splenectomized patients than all other conditions. Conclusions This study demonstrates that surgery for intra-abdominal injuries is associated with an early drop in leucocyte numbers in peripheral blood. Moreover, splenectomy in severely injured patients is associated with an altered cellular immune response reflected by a persistent state of prominent leukocytosis after trauma.

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Modern Conceptions about the Mechanisms of Interaction Between Biofilm and Cellular Immunity Factors

Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology ◽

10.36233/0372-9311-2020-97-1-83-90 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 97 (1) ◽

pp. 83-90

Author(s):

N. M. Shlepotina ◽

M. V. Peshikova ◽

O. L. Kolesnikov ◽

Yu. S. Shishkova

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Immune System ◽

Cellular Immunity ◽

Cellular Immune Response ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Microbial Consortium ◽

Significant Negative Effect ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Cellular Immune

Features of the cellular immune response in the presence of a microbial biofilm are well described in the literature. Based on numerous studies, it became possible to establish a number of patterns: mature biofilms are better protected from immune factors, the effectiveness of antibiofilm strategies depends on species of the microorganisms, forming the biofilm, and, accordingly, on the composition of the biopolymer matrix. For example, rhamnolipids and alginate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exert a significant negative effect on the function of immunocompetent cells. The bacteria of biofilms became able to turn to their advantage many of the protective reactions developed by the immune system and fixed evolutionarily, applying them for the growth and development of the microbial consortium.

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Activation of cytotoxic T cell population and inversion of CD4:CD8 ratio as manifestations of cellular immune response in SARS-COV-2 infection

Journal of Hematopathology ◽

10.1007/s12308-020-00405-9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 197-199

Author(s):

Fahad Khan ◽

Tayler van den Akker ◽

Shafinaz Hussein ◽

Bridget K. Marcellino ◽

Pallavi Khattar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

T Cell ◽

Cell Population ◽

Cellular Immune Response ◽

Cytotoxic T Cell ◽

Cellular Immune ◽

And Inversion

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Neopterin Concentrations in Colon Dialysate

Pteridines ◽

10.1515/pteridines.2001.12.4.155 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 155-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

E. Ledjeff ◽

E. Artner-Dworzak ◽

A. Witasek ◽

D. Fuchs ◽

A. Hausen

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Cellular Immune Response ◽

Human Colon ◽

Calorie Intake ◽

Neopterin Concentration ◽

Intestinal Immune System ◽

Cellular Immune System ◽

Acute Gastritis ◽

Cellular Immune

Abstract Increased production of neopterin in humans is indicative for an activated cellular immune response. The intestinal immune system encounters an enormous amount of infectious agents or injurious substances evoking a cellular immune response. The objective of this pilot study was to measure neopterin levels in colon dialysates of healthy individuals and in comparison with individuals under a starvation diet and with patients. In parallel, urinary and salivary neopterin levels were determined in these subjects. The mean neopterin concentration in colon dialysate was about J 0, times higher than in serum. These high neopterin values agree with a great impact of the cellular immune system within the human colon. Common diseases had a strong and prompt effect on the neopterin levels in colon dialysate, e.g. three individuals with acute gastritis had very high neopterin concentrations. In subjects with a starvation diet according to F.X.Mayr, which is characterized by low fiber and low calorie intake, the neopterin levels in colon dialysate were lower. The data may argue for a regeneration of the cellular immune system during fasting.

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Modern Conceptions about the Mechanisms of Interaction Between Biofilm and Cellular Immunity Factors

Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology ◽

10.36233/0372-9311-2020-1-83-90 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 83-90

Author(s):

N. M. Shlepotina ◽

M. V. Peshikova ◽

O. L. Kolesnikov ◽

Yu. S. Shishkova

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Immune System ◽

Cellular Immunity ◽

Cellular Immune Response ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Microbial Consortium ◽

Significant Negative Effect ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Cellular Immune

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Detection of immune system activation in hemolymph of Drosophila larvae exposed to chitosan-coated magnetite nanoparticles

10.1101/324335 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Doris Vela ◽

Jonathan Rondal ◽

Alexis Debut ◽

Karla Vizuete ◽

Fernanda Pilaquinga

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Dna Damage ◽

Immune System ◽

Magnetite Nanoparticles ◽

Cellular Immune Response ◽

Iron Nanoparticles ◽

Immune System Activation ◽

Drosophila Larvae ◽

System Activation ◽

Cellular Immune

AbstractDrosophila melanogaster hemolymph cells are confirmed as a model to study the activation of immune system due to foreign stimuli like iron nanoparticles. The toxicity of nanoparticles is a cause for concern due to their effect on human health and the environment. The aim of this study was to detect the activation of cellular immune response in Drosophila larvae through the observation of hemolymph composition, DNA damage and larval viability, after the exposure to 500 ppm and 1000 ppm chitosan-coated magnetite nanoparticles for 24 hours. Our results showed activation of cellular immune response after exposure to the nanoparticles owing to the increment of hemocytes, the emergence of lamellocytes and the presence of apoptotic hemocytes. In addition, chitosan-coated magnetite nanoparticles produce DNA damage detected by comet assay as well as low viability of larvae. No DNA damage is showed at 500 ppm. The cellular toxicity is directly associated with 1000 ppm.

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Splenectomy is associated with altered leukocyte kinetics after severe trauma

European Journal of Medical Research ◽

10.1186/s40001-021-00497-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Michel Paul Johan Teuben ◽

Arne Hollman ◽

Taco Blokhuis ◽

Roman Pfeifer ◽

Roy Spijkerman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Cellular Immune Response ◽

Severe Trauma ◽

Multiple Organ ◽

Liver Trauma ◽

Trauma Patients ◽

Severely Injured ◽

Cellular Immune

Abstract Background Inadequate activation of the innate immune system after trauma can lead to severe complications such as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome. The spleen is thought to modulate the cellular immune system. Furthermore, splenectomy is associated with improved outcome in severely injured trauma patients. We hypothesized that a splenectomy alters the cellular immune response in polytrauma. Methods All adult patients with an ISS ≥ 16 and suffering from splenic or hepatic injuries were selected from our prospective trauma database. Absolute leukocyte numbers in peripheral blood were measured. White blood cell kinetics during the first 14 days were compared between splenectomized patients, patients treated surgically for liver trauma and nonoperatively treated individuals. Results A total of 129 patients with a mean ISS of 29 were included. Admission characteristics and leukocyte numbers were similar in all groups, except for slightly impaired hemodynamic status in patients with operatively treated liver injuries. On admission, leukocytosis occurred in all groups. During the first 24 h, leukopenia developed gradually, although significantly faster in the operatively treated patients. Thereafter, leukocyte levels normalized in all nonoperatively treated cases whereas leukocytosis persisted in operatively treated patients. This effect was significantly more prominent in splenectomized patients than all other conditions. Conclusions This study demonstrates that surgery for intra-abdominal injuries is associated with an early drop in leucocyte numbers in peripheral blood. Moreover, splenectomy in severely injured patients is associated with an altered cellular immune response reflected by a persistent state of prominent leukocytosis after trauma.

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