scholarly journals Pharmacy Practice and Education in Slovenia

Pharmacy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Borut Božič ◽  
Aleš Obreza ◽  
Jeffrey Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Pharmacy Practice ◽  
Pharmacy Education ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Electronic Survey ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Individual

The PHARMINE (“Pharmacy Education in Europe”) project studied pharmacy practice and education in the European Union (EU) member states. The work was carried out using an electronic survey sent to chosen pharmacy representatives. The surveys of the individual member states are now being published as reference documents. This paper presents the results of the PHARMINE survey on pharmacy practice and education in Slovenia. In the light of this, we examine the harmonisation of practice and education in Slovenia with EU norms.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Dynamic Changes in Selected Areas of Sustainable Development of the European Union Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Bąk ◽  
Katarzyna Cheba
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Individual

Abstract The aim of the study is to determine the pace and directions of changes (understood as: improvement or deterioration) occurring in selected areas of sustainable development of EU Member States. The paper analyzes dynamics of changes in selected areas of sustainable development monitored on the basis of headline indicators published by Eurostat from 2008 to 2015. In the paper, three variants of reference points of synthetic measure of development were considered. On the basis of the obtained results, the countries in which the improvement in the sustainable development and its deterioration can be observed were identified. The results have confirmed the existence of significant developmental disparities between EU Member States in this field, but it should be noted that the obtained results depend on the methodological approach both to the selection of features and the adoption of a specific standardization formula, as well as the considered variants of reference points. The results obtained can be utilized in subsequent years to examine the directions of change observed both from the point of view of European Union as one organization, and the individual EU Member States.

Analysis of the Dutch Crisis Response System in the Context of the Common European Union Resilience

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
Chris van Duuren ◽  
Tomasz Zwęgliński
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
System Development ◽  
Crisis Response ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
Civil Protection ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Eu

The increasing integrity of the European Union member states is more and more regarding the security and civil protection aspects. On the other hand the priority in responsibility for the safety and security is still in the domain of the sovereign states. It means that the individual states of the EU are responsible for designing and managing their own security and civil protection systems. However, the integration processes within the EU trigger a significant need for an increase of common understanding of the individual member states’ philosophies, approaches and systems utilized in the domain of security and civil protection. Only then if we understand how the others work, we are able to assist them in a crisis or disaster. Therefore, it is highly important to share and understand each other’s systems between member states. The article presents the Dutch approach to national risk assessment as well as organizational aspects of internal security system applied in the Netherlands. It also suggest the future challenges which are at the near horizon of the system development.

scholarly journals Pharmacy Practice and Education in Croatia

Pharmacy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Marijana Končić ◽  
Jeffrey Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Community Hospital ◽  
Pharmacy Practice ◽  
Pharmacy Education ◽  
The European Union ◽  
University Staff ◽  
Electronic Survey

The PHARMINE (“Pharmacy Education in Europe”) project examined the organisation of pharmacy practice and education in the European Union (EU). An electronic survey was sent out to community, hospital, and industrial pharmacists, and university staff and students. This paper presents the results of the PHARMINE survey for Croatia. We examined to what extent harmonisation with EU norms has occurred, whether this has promoted mobility, and what impact it has had on healthcare.

scholarly journals Pharmacy Practice and Education in Finland

Pharmacy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jouni Hirvonen ◽  
Outi Salminen ◽  
Katariina Vuorensola ◽  
Nina Katajavuori ◽  
Helena Huhtala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Pharmacy ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Pharmaceutical Research ◽  
Pharmacy Practice ◽  
Pharmacy Education ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Patient Counseling ◽  
Member States ◽  
Problem Solving Skills

The Pharmacy Education in Europe (PHARMINE) project studies pharmacy practice and education in the European Union (EU) member states. The work was carried out using an electronic survey sent to chosen pharmacy representatives. The surveys of the individual member states are now being published as reference documents for students and staff interested in research on pharmacy education in the EU, and in mobility. This paper presents the results of the PHARMINE survey on pharmacy practice and education in Finland. Pharmacies have a monopoly on the dispensation of medicines. They can also provide diagnostic services. Proviisori act as pharmacy owners and managers. They follow a five-year (M.Sc. Pharm.) degree course with a six-month traineeship. Farmaseutti, who follow a three-year (B.Sc. Pharm.) degree course (also with a six-month traineeship), can dispense medicines and counsel patients in Finland. The B.Sc. and the first three years of the M.Sc. involve the same course. The current pharmacy curriculum (revised in 2014) is based on five strands: (1) pharmacy as a multidisciplinary science with numerous opportunities in the working life, (2) basics of pharmaceutical sciences, (3) patient and medication, (4) optional studies and selected study paths, and (5) drug development and use. The learning outcomes of the pharmacy graduates include (1) basics of natural sciences: chemistry, physics, technology, biosciences required for all the students (B.Sc. and M.Sc.), (2) medicine and medication: compounding of medicines, holism of medication, pharmacology and biopharmaceutics (side-effects and interactions), patient counseling, efficacy and safety of medicines and medication, (3) comprehensive and supportive interactions of the various disciplines of pharmacy education and research: the role and significance of pharmacy as a discipline in society, the necessary skills and knowledge in scientific thinking and pharmaceutical research, and (4) basics of economics and management, multidisciplinarity, hospital pharmacy, scientific writing skills, management skills. In addition, teaching and learning of “general skills”, such as the pharmacist’s professional identity and the role in society as a part of the healthcare system, critical and creative thinking, problem-solving skills, personal learning skills and life-long learning, attitude and sense of responsibility, and communication skills are developed in direct association with subject-specific courses. Professional specialization studies in industrial pharmacy, and community and hospital pharmacy are given at the post-graduate level at the University of Helsinki.

scholarly journals Research Data: Management and Opening. Polish and European Perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1A (113A)) ◽  
pp. 46-55
Author(s):  
Zuzanna Wiorogórska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Data Management ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Research Data Management ◽  
The Individual

Purpose/Thesis: This paper attempts to present the trends in management and opening of research data in Poland and the European Union, based on the analysis of the recently published Polish and European acts and documents as well as of other international initiatives which might influence scholarly publishing and scholarly communication.Approach/Methods: An in-depth review of the latest documents was applied. Results and conclusions: I focused on highlighting the key elements of the reviewed documents and initiatives, highlighting the directions for managing and opening of research data they set and the implications they might have for Polish and European science. I also sketched the possible inconsisten­cies between the European and Polish policies related to research data and scholarly communication.Research limitations: The documents investigated for the purpose of this paper were either Polish or provided by the European Union (EU). I have not analyzed the national documents issued by the individual member states of the EU other than Poland. Hence, it is probable that some solutions on research data management and opening already taken on the level of individual member states have not been included in this paper.Practical implications: This paper may encourage a reflection on the relationship between the regulations issued at the European (EU) or at the national (in this case, Polish), and the practices and requirements of scholarly communication which often contradict those regulations.Originality/Value: This is the first analysis of the latest Polish and European documents and initiatives as related to data management and open data (open science).

EU Copyright Harmonization and CJEU Role and Action

2019 ◽  
pp. 7-36
Author(s):  
Eleonora Rosati
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
National Courts ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
The Relationship

Following an overview of legislative harmonization, this chapter discusses the composition, role, and functioning of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) before providing some numbers regarding activity in the copyright field. It presents data on: the composition of the Court (Judges-Rapporteur and Advocates General (AGs)), the relationship between the Court and its Judges-Rapporteur, areas in which national courts have made referrals, data on EU Member States from which the relevant referrals have been made, and interventions of individual Member States. Employment of statistical analysis has allowed consideration of a number of questions, including whether the Court tends to agree (it does) with the (non-binding) Opinion of the AG appointed in a certain case more or less often when the interpretation provided of certain copyright provision is expansive or not, and whether the background of the AG (academic or non-academic) has had any relevance from a statistical standpoint (it has not).

scholarly journals Analysis of road tax in the international context

2021 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
pp. 11009
Author(s):  
Adela Poliaková ◽  
Katarína Frajtová Michalíková
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Research background: Reducing the costs of transport companies is a permanent and important task for the sustainability of the company's development. The operation of transport companies brings externalities, which ultimately burden the company, which creates pressure to eliminate them by those who cause them. This pressure increases costs for transport companies, so they often try to avoid responsibility for environmental pollution. The European Union supports the creation of legislative instruments that would favor transport companies that give preference to greener and more fuel-efficient vehicles when operating. However, the modernization of the vehicle fleet also brings with it increased costs for investments in fixed assets. Purpose of the article: The aim of this article is to analyze the real tax burdens in the individual Member States and to point out that rates within the European Union are not uniform and represent a space for speculative behavior by transport operators. At the same time, it should be pointed out that the motivation of carriers to reduce transport externalities is insufficient if Member States are left a large margin of manipulation. Methods: We obtained data on road tax rates from the laws in individual countries. We used Scania truck data to analyze the impact of rates. Findings & Value added: When creating the price, it is necessary to consider all costs related to the implementation of transport. One of these costs is the motor vehicle tax. This tax represents a fixed cost for the carrier, which burdens the vehicle regardless of whether the vehicle is in operation or in technical readiness. We found that the adjustment of road tax resp. motor vehicle taxes has significant shortcomings in the EU. Not only do some countries do not favor the use of clean vehicles, but tax rates also vary greatly from one Member State to another.

scholarly journals Convergence of EU Member States in the Field of Excise Duties in the Period 2000–2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 1415-1424
Author(s):  
Jarmila Rybová
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Tax Policy ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Excise Taxes ◽  
Excise Duties ◽  
The Eu

This article aims to determine the convergence of the 27 EU Member States in the field of excise duties in the period 2000 – 2015. However, more recent complete data for all states are not available yet. The development trend towards convergence or divergence of monitored indicators is detected by indicators that represent excise taxes in the tax systems of the Member States of the European Union from the Eurostat database. Excise taxes are collected as whole. The article should answer two questions that are derived from generally preferred trends in the EU in a given period, ie. the trend growth of the tax burden to consumption and a trend approximation (harmonization) taxing consumption due to the functioning of internal market in the EU. The question is whether Member states and candidate countries are similar to each other in the field of excise duties and any similarity to the changes between the years 2000 and 2015. The second question is whether the differences are caused by tax policy states, ie. Changes in rates or absolute consumption. The indicators of individual member states are subjected to cluster analysis, and subsequently evaluated by means of selected factors that relate to tax policy and national economic aggregates, especially the consumption of taxed products. Results show growing differences (divergence) between most countries of the original EU‑15 group and the group of countries which joined the European Union in 2004 and 2007.

scholarly journals The importance of cohesion policy for the development of the railway system of the Republic of Croatia

Pomorstvo ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 402-410
Author(s):  
Dorotea Lukin ◽  
Ines Kolanović ◽  
Tanja Poletan Jugović
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cohesion Policy ◽  
Investment Funds ◽  
Member States ◽  
Railway System ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Programming Period ◽  
The Individual

Cohesion policy is one of the European Union’s policies, which provides Member States with the possibility of financial support under the European Structural and Investment Funds (ESI Funds) as well as with the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF), to reduce disparities and encourage the development of less developed Member States. By funding through Cohesion policy funds, the European Union seeks to accomplish a prosperous economy by achieving appropriate European standards in the individual Member States. Cohesion policy emphasizes the development of transport and mobility, and in particular, the investment in key transport links and sections of international importance through the revitalization of railway infrastructure in line with European Union standards. The railway system of the Republic of Croatia has been under-invested for many years, which is why it has not followed the requirements and needs of the development of the transport market. Membership in the European Union has provided the Republic of Croatia with co-financing for the development of the railway system. This paper will analyse the current investments in the railway system and the development potentials that are planned to be achieved in the next programming period. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyse the importance of the Cohesion Policy of the European Union for the development of the railway system of the Republic of Croatia in the Programming period 2021-2027. The analysis aims to identify opportunities for further development of the railway system as the ‘cleanest’ transport industry, guided by the need to reduce harmful emissions following the European Green Deal by using funds from the European Structural and Investment Funds.

scholarly journals Pharmacy Practice and Education in Estonia

Pharmacy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisy Volmer ◽  
Kristiina Sepp ◽  
An Raal ◽  
Jeffrey Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Pharmacy ◽  
Pharmacy Practice ◽  
Pharmaceutical Product ◽  
Pharmacy Education ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
Community Pharmacies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Pharmacy Curriculum ◽  
The University

The Pharmacy Education in Europe (PHARMINE) project studied pharmacy practice and education in the European Union (EU) member states. The work was carried out using an electronic survey forwarded to selected pharmacy representatives at community and hospital pharmacies, in the pharmacy industry and at drug authorities. The surveys of the individual member states are now being published as reference documents for students and staff interested in research on pharmacy education in the EU, and in mobility. This paper presents the results of the PHARMINE project on pharmacy practice and education in Estonia. In this paper, we examine the harmonisation of practice and education in Estonia with EU norms. Community pharmacies in Estonia provide traditional and extended services, of which influenza vaccination, the evaluation of the risk of diabetes, and medication use review have been introduced recently. Pharmacists (in Estonian proviisor) study at the University of Tartu for five years and graduate with a Master of Pharmacy (MSc Pharm) degree. A pharmacist can be the owner of a pharmacy, or work as a pharmacy manager or chief pharmacist in either a community or a hospital pharmacy. Assistant pharmacists (in Estonian farmatseut) study at the Tallinn Health Care College for 3 years; after graduation, they are mainly employed in community pharmacies. The University of Tartu is the only university in Estonia providing higher education in pharmacy at university level. The pharmacy curriculum is an integrated (bachelor followed by master), pharmaceutical product-oriented study programme. It was last updated in 2019. On that occasion, several changes were made such as the introduction of competency-based modules; novel methods in education and training based on the constructive alignment and the restructuring of the six-month traineeship. Several new courses focus on the concepts of clinical pharmacy and on patient-centred communication. In the current pharmacy curriculum, there is a balance between chemical and medical subjects. The traineeship is provided for six months at a community and/or hospital pharmacy in the 5th year. Currently, the pharmacy curriculum at the University of Tartu does not offer specialization in subjects such as hospital or industrial pharmacy.

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