scholarly journals On the Difference between the Radii of Gluons and Quarks

Physics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1155-1166
Author(s):  
Luis Augusto Trevisan ◽  
Carlos Mirez ◽  
Djalma Inacio da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
Structure Function ◽  
Linear Function ◽  
Sum Rules ◽  
Total Momentum ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
System Of Equations ◽  
Tsallis Statistics ◽  
Chemical Potentials ◽  
The Difference

In this paper, in the scope of a non-extensive statistical model for the nucleon’s structure function, the volume of the gluons in the nucleons and the relations among the temperature, T, the parameter “q” of Tsallis statistics, and the scattering energies, Q2, are studied. A system of equations with the usual sum rules are solved for the valence quarks, the experimental results for the polarized structure function, and the estimated carried moments for gluons and quarks. Each state of T and q leads to a set of chemical potentials and different radii for gluons and quarks. We conclude that gluons must occupy a larger volume than the quarks to fit the fraction of the total momentum. A linear function of the temperature with Q2 is obtained as an approach. The obtained range of temperatures is different from the previous models.

A NONEXTENSIVE STATISTICAL MODEL FOR THE NUCLEON STRUCTURE FUNCTION

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (07) ◽  
pp. 1350044 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUIS AUGUSTO TREVISAN ◽  
CARLOS MIREZ
Keyword(s):  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Statistical Model ◽  
Structure Function ◽  
Effective Temperature ◽  
Nucleon Structure ◽  
Tsallis Statistics ◽  
Chemical Potentials ◽  
Nucleon Structure Function ◽  
Nonextensive Thermodynamics ◽  
Bose Einstein

We studied an application of nonextensive thermodynamics to describe the structure function of nucleon, in a model where the usual Fermi–Dirac and Bose–Einstein energy distribution were replaced by the equivalent functions of the q-statistical. The parameters of the model are given by an effective temperature T, the q parameter (from Tsallis statistics), and two chemical potentials given by the corresponding up (u) and down (d) quark normalizations in the nucleon.

scholarly journals Tower Running—Participation, Performance Trends, and Sex Difference

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Stark ◽  
Stefania Di Gangi ◽  
Caio Victor Sousa ◽  
Pantelis Nikolaidis ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Statistical Model ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Stair Climbing ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
The Difference

Though there are exhaustive data about participation, performance trends, and sex differences in performance in different running disciplines and races, no study has analyzed these trends in stair climbing and tower running. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate these trends in tower running. The data, consisting of 28,203 observations from 24,007 climbers between 2014 and 2019, were analyzed. The effects of sex and age, together with the tower characteristics (i.e., stairs and floors), were examined through a multivariable statistical model with random effects on intercept, at climber’s level, accounting for repeated measurements. Men were faster than women in each age group (p < 0.001 for ages ≤69 years, p = 0.003 for ages > 69 years), and the difference in performance stayed around 0.20 km/h, with a minimum of 0.17 at the oldest age. However, women were able to outperform men in specific situations: (i) in smaller buildings (<600 stairs), for ages between 30 and 59 years and >69 years; (ii) in higher buildings (>2200 stairs), for age groups <20 years and 60–69 years; and (iii) in buildings with 1600–2200 stairs, for ages >69 years. In summary, men were faster than women in this specific running discipline; however, women were able to outperform men in very specific situations (i.e., specific age groups and specific numbers of stairs).

scholarly journals Ensemble Prediction Approach Based on Learning to Statistical Model for Efficient Building Energy Consumption Management

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 405
Author(s):  
Anam Nawaz Khan ◽  
Naeem Iqbal ◽  
Rashid Ahmad ◽  
Do-Hyeun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Statistical Model ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Ensemble Prediction ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Energy ◽  
Prediction Approach

With the development of modern power systems (smart grid), energy consumption prediction becomes an essential aspect of resource planning and operations. In the last few decades, industrial and commercial buildings have thoroughly been investigated for consumption patterns. However, due to the unavailability of data, the residential buildings could not get much attention. During the last few years, many solutions have been devised for predicting electric consumption; however, it remains a challenging task due to the dynamic nature of residential consumption patterns. Therefore, a more robust solution is required to improve the model performance and achieve a better prediction accuracy. This paper presents an ensemble approach based on learning to a statistical model to predict the short-term energy consumption of a multifamily residential building. Our proposed approach utilizes Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Kalman Filter (KF) to build an ensemble prediction model to predict short term energy demands of multifamily residential buildings. The proposed approach uses real energy data acquired from the multifamily residential building, South Korea. Different statistical measures are used, such as mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and R2 score, to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach and compare it with existing models. The experimental results reveal that the proposed approach predicts accurately and outperforms the existing models. Furthermore, a comparative analysis is performed to evaluate and compare the proposed model with conventional machine learning models. The experimental results show the effectiveness and significance of the proposed approach compared to existing energy prediction models. The proposed approach will support energy management to effectively plan and manage the energy supply and demands of multifamily residential buildings.

Simulation and experimentation of a magnetorheological brake with adjustable gap

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1614-1626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan-Li Song ◽  
Dong-Heng Li ◽  
Yan Tao ◽  
Na Wang ◽  
Shi-Chao Xiu
Keyword(s):  
Magnetorheological Fluid ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Wear Property ◽  
Braking Performance ◽  
Braking Torque ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Theoretical Analyses ◽  
Magnetostatic Simulation

The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of the small magnetorheological fluid gap on the braking performance of the magnetorheological brake. In this article, theoretical analyses of the output torque are given first, and then the operating principle and design details of the magnetorheological brake whose magnetorheological fluid gap can be altered are presented and discussed. Next, the magnetic circuit of the proposed magnetorheological brake is conducted and further followed by a magnetostatic simulation of the magnetorheological brakes with different sizes of fluid gap. A prototype of the magnetorheological brake is fabricated and a series of tests are carried out to evaluate the braking performance and torque stability, as well as the verification of the simulation results. Experimental results show that the braking torque increases with the increase in the current, and the difference for the impact of the fluid gap on braking performance is huge under different currents. The rules, which the experimental results show, have an important significance on both the improvement of structure design for magnetorheological brake and the investigation of the wear property under different fluid gaps.

scholarly journals III. On abstract geometry

1870 ◽  
Vol 18 (114-122) ◽  
pp. 122-123
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Linear Function ◽  
Rational Functions ◽  
Plane Geometry ◽  
System Of Equations ◽  
Fundamental Notion ◽  
Solid Geometry

I submit to the Society the present exposition of some of the elementary principles of an Abstract m -dimensional geometry. The science presents itself in two ways,—as a legitimate extension of the ordinary two- and threedimensional geometries; and as a need in these geometries and in analysis generally. In fact whenever we are concerned with quantities connected together in any manner, and which are, or are considered as variable or determinable, then the nature of the relation between the quantities is frequently rendered more intelligible by regarding them (if only two or three in number) as the coordinates of a point in a plane or in space; for more than three quantities there is, from the greater complexity of the case, the greater need of such a representation; but this can only be obtained by means of the notion of a space of the proper dimensionality; and to use such representation, we require the geometry of such space. An important instance in plane geometry has actually presented itself in the question of the determination of the curves which satisfy given conditions: the conditions imply relations between the coefficients in the equation of the curve; and for the better understanding of these relations it was expedient to consider the coefficients as the coordinates of a point in a space of the proper dimensionality. A fundamental notion in the general theory presents itself, slightly in plane geometry, but already very prominently in solid geometry; viz. we have here the difficulty as to the form of the equations of a curve in space, or (to speak more accurately) as to the expression by means of equations of the twofold relation between the coordinates of a point of such curve. The notion in question is that of a k -fold relation,—as distinguished from any system of equations (or onefold relations) serving for the expression of it,—and giving rise to the problem how to express such relation by means of a system of equations (or onefold relations). Applying to the case of solid geometry my conclusion in the general theory, it may be mentioned that I regard the twofold relation of a curve in space as being completely and precisely expressed by means of a system of equations (P = 0, Q = 0, . . T = 0), when no one of the func ions P, Q, ... T, as a linear function, with constant or variable integral coefficients, of the others of them, and when every surface whatever which passes through the curve has its equation expressible in the form U = AP + BQ ... + KT., with constant or variable integral coefficients, A, B ... K. It is hardly necessary to remark that all the functions and coefficients are taken to be rational functions of the coordinates, and that the word integral has reference to the coordinates.

An Effect of Air Content on the Occurrence of Cavitation

1960 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 941-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Holl
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Coefficient ◽  
Cavitation Number ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Simultaneous Occurrence ◽  
Minimum Pressure ◽  
Air Content ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dissolved Air

The simultaneous occurrence of vaporous and gaseous cavitation on hydrofoils is considered. The experimental results show that gaseous cavitation occurs at much higher ambient pressures than that for the vaporous cavitation resulting in desinent-cavitation numbers twice the minimum-pressure coefficient of the hydrofoil. The analysis indicates that the difference between the desinent-cavitation number for the gaseous cavitation and that for the vaporous cavitation is proportional to the dissolved air content and inversely proportional to the square of the velocity.

scholarly journals Experimental Study of Vibrational Acceleration Spread and Comparison Using Three Citrus Canopy Shaker Shaking Tines

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian-Hu Liu ◽  
Reza Ehsani ◽  
Arash Toudeshki ◽  
Xiang-Jun Zou ◽  
Hong-Jun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Average Decrease ◽  
Vibrational Acceleration ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Canopy Shaker

The goal of this article is to experimentally study how the vibrational acceleration spreads along the branch shaken by PVC tine, steel tine, and nylon tine for citrus canopy shaking harvesting and to compare the difference. PVC tine and steel tine have potential to be used as shaking rod for citrus canopy shaking harvesting. Nylon tine is a commonly used shaking rod. A tractor-mounted canopy shaker was developed to do the trial. The shaking frequency was set at 2.5 and 5 Hz. Experimental results showed that the vibrational acceleration at the shaking spot is not the highest. Spreading from shaking spot to the stem, it increases evidently. When spreading from stems of the outside subbranch to stems of the nearest inside subbranch, its average decrease percentage is 42%. The overall vibrational acceleration of shaking at 5 Hz is 1.85 times as high as shaking at 2.5 Hz. The overall vibrational acceleration exerted by straight PVC tine and steel tine is 1.77 and 1.97 times as high as that exerted by straight nylon tine, respectively. It is indicated that replacing nylon tine with steel tine or PVC tine helps remove the fruits inside the canopy. Replacing with steel tine is more effective than with PVC tine.

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