Effects of Elevated Temperature on Root System Development of Two Lupine Species

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of elevated temperature on the growth, morphology and spatial orientation of lupine roots at the initial stages of development and on the formation of lupine root architecture at later stages. Two lupine species were studied—the invasive Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. and the non-invasive L. luteus L. The plants were grown in climate chambers under 25 °C and simulated warming at 30 °C conditions. The angle of root curvature towards the vector of gravity was measured at the 48th hour of growth, and during a 4-h period after 90° reorientation. Root biometrical, histological measurements were carried out on 7-day-old and 30-day-old plants. The elevation of 5 °C affected root formation of the two lupine species differently. The initial roots of L. polyphyllus were characterized by worse spatial orientation, reduced growth and reduced mitotic index of root apical meristem at 30 °C compared with 25 °C. The length of primary roots of 30-day-old lupines and the number of lateral roots decreased by 14% and 16%, respectively. More intense root development and formation were observed in non-invasive L. luteus at 30 °C. Our results provide important information on the effect of elevated temperature on the formation of root architecture in two lupine species and suggest that global warming may impact the invasiveness of these species.

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The Effect of Salinity on Root Architecture in Forage Pea (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L.)

Legume Research - An International Journal ◽

10.18805/lr-608 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

S. Acikbas ◽

M.A. Ozyazici ◽

H. Bektas

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Root Architecture ◽

System Development ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Legume Crop ◽

Root System Development ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Salinity Levels ◽

Root And Shoot Biomass

Background: Plants face different abiotic stresses such as salinity that affect their normal development, growth and survival. Forage pea is an important legume crop for herbage production in ruminants. Its agronomy requires high levels of irrigation and fertilization. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of salinity on seedling root system development in forage pea under semi-hydroponics conditions.Methods: Different treatment of NaCl doses (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mM) on root architecture was investigated in two different forage pea cultivars (Livioletta and Ulubatlý) with contrasting root structures under controlled conditions. The experimental design was completely randomized design with three replications and nine plants per replication.Result: Salinity affects root and shoot development differently on these cultivars. Despite the salinity, Livioletta produced more shoot (0.71 g) and root biomass (0.30 g) compared to Ulubatlý (0.52 g and 0.25 g for Root and Shoot biomass, respectively) at 150 mM and all other salinity levels. Livioletta developed a better root system and tolerated salt to a higher dose than Ulubatlý. Understanding root system responses of forage pea cultivars may allow breeding and selecting salinity tolerant cultivars with better rooting potential.

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Longleaf Pine Root System Development and Seedling Quality in Response to Copper Root Pruning and Cavity Size

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/sjaf/35.1.5 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 5-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Mary Anne Sword Sayer ◽

Shi-Jean Susana Sung ◽

James D. Haywood

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Root System ◽

System Development ◽

Longleaf Pine ◽

Lateral Roots ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Root Pruning ◽

Cavity Size ◽

Root System Development ◽

Primary Lateral

Abstract Cultural practices that modify root system structure in the plug of container-grown seedlings have the potential to improve root system function after planting. Our objective was to assess how copper root pruning affects the quality and root system development of longleaf pine seedlings grown in three cavity sizes in a greenhouse. Copper root pruning increased seedling size, the allocation of root system dry weight to the taproot, and the fraction of fibrous root mass allocated to secondary lateral roots compared with primary lateral roots. It decreased the allocation of root system dry weight to primary lateral roots and led to a distribution of root growth potential that more closely resembled the root growth of naturally sown seedlings. These effects of copper root pruning may benefit longleaf pine establishment. However, because copper root pruning increased competition for cavity growing space among the taproot and fibrous roots, we suggest that recommendations regarding cavity size and seedling quality parameters be tailored for copper-coated cavities.

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Bioactive Cytokinins Are Selectively Secreted by Sinorhizobium meliloti Nodulating and Nonnodulating Strains

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi-02-13-0054-r ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 26 (10) ◽

pp. 1225-1231 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Anna Kisiala ◽

Carole Laffont ◽

R. J. Neil Emery ◽

Florian Frugier

Keyword(s):

Sinorhizobium Meliloti ◽

Root Nodule ◽

System Development ◽

Lateral Roots ◽

Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Symbiotic Interaction ◽

Root System Development ◽

Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽

Meliloti Strain

Bacteria present in the rhizosphere of plants often synthesize phytohormones, and these signals can consequently affect root system development. In legumes, plants adapt to nitrogen starvation by forming lateral roots as well as a new organ, the root nodule, following a symbiotic interaction with bacteria collectively referred to as rhizobia. As cytokinin (CK) phytohormones were shown to be necessary and sufficient to induce root nodule organogenesis, the relevance of CK production by symbiotic rhizobia was questioned. In this study, we analyzed quantitatively, by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, the production of 25 forms of CK in nine rhizobia strains belonging to four different species. All bacterial strains were able to synthesize a mix of CK, and bioactive forms of CK, such as iP, were notably found to be secreted in bacterial culture supernatants. Use of a mutant affected in extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production revealed a negative correlation of EPS production with the ability to secrete CK. In addition, analysis of a nonnodulating Sinorhizobium meliloti strain revealed a similar pattern of CK production and secretion when compared with a related nodulating strain. This indicates that bacterially produced CK are not sufficient to induce symbiotic nodulation.

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Co-fertilization of sulfur and struvite-phosphorus in a slow-release fertilizer improves soybean cultivation

10.26434/chemrxiv-2021-rv2lh ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Stella F. Valle ◽

Amanda S. Giroto ◽

Gelton G. F. Guimarães ◽

Kerstin A. Nagel ◽

Anna Galinski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Root System ◽

System Development ◽

Lateral Roots ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

World Population ◽

Triple Superphosphate ◽

Root System Development ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Controlled Release Fertilizers

In face of the alarming world population growth predictions and its threat to food security, the development of sustainable fertilizer alternatives is urgent. Moreover, fertilizer performance should be assessed not only in terms of yield but also root system development, as it impacts soil fertility and crop productivity. Fertilizers containing a polysulfide matrix (PS) with dispersed struvite (St) were studied for S and P nutrition due to their controlled-release behavior. Soybean cultivation with St/PS composites provided superior biomass compared to a reference of triple superphosphate (TSP) with ammonium sulfate (AS), with up to 3 and 10 times higher mass of shoots and roots, respectively. Additionally, St/PS achieved a 22% sulfur use efficiency against only 8% from TSP/AS. Root system architectural changes may explain these results, with higher proliferation of second order lateral roots in response to struvite ongoing P delivery. Overall, the composites showed great potential as efficient controlled-release fertilizers for enhanced soybean productivity.

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IBA endogenous auxin regulates Arabidopsis root system development in a glutathione-dependent way and is important for adaptation to phosphate deprivation

10.1101/818344 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

José A. Trujillo-Hernandez ◽

Laetitia Bariat ◽

Lucia C. Strader ◽

Jean-Philippe Reichheld ◽

Christophe Belin

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Root Development ◽

Developmental Process ◽

System Development ◽

Lateral Roots ◽

Root System Architecture ◽

Indole Butyric Acid ◽

Phosphate Deprivation ◽

Root System Development ◽

Glutathione Deficiency

AbstractRoot system architecture results from a highly plastic developmental process to perfectly adapt to environmental conditions. In particular, the development of lateral roots (LR) and root hair (RH) growth are constantly optimized to the rhizosphere properties, including biotic and abiotic constraints. Every step of root system development is tightly controlled by auxin, the driving morphogenic hormone in plants. Glutathione, a major thiol redox regulator, is also critical for root system development but its interplay with auxin is still scarcely understood. Indeed, previous works showed that glutathione deficiency does not alter root responses to exogenous indole acetic acid (IAA), the main active auxin in plants. Because indole butyric acid (IBA), another endogenous auxinic compound, is an important source of IAA for the control of root development, we investigated the crosstalk between glutathione and IBA during root development. We show that glutathione deficiency alters LR and RH responses to exogenous IBA but not IAA. Although many efforts have been deployed, we could not identify the precise mechanism responsible for this control. However, we could show that both glutathione and IBA are required for the proper responses of RH to phosphate deprivation, suggesting an important role for this glutathione-dependent regulation of auxin pathway in plant developmental adaptation to its environment.

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Root System Development of Japonica-Indica Hybrid Rice Cultivars. 1. Number and elongation direction of primary roots.

Japanese Journal of Crop Science ◽

10.1626/jcs.63.423 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 423-429 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jiro HARADA ◽

Si-Yong KANG ◽

Koou Y YAMAZAKI

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Hybrid Rice ◽

System Development ◽

Rice Cultivars ◽

Root System Development ◽

Primary Roots ◽

Indica Hybrid Rice

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Cross-sectional area relationships in root systems of loblolly and shortleaf pine

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x87-092 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 17 (6) ◽

pp. 556-558 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

William C. Carlson ◽

Constance A. Harrington

Keyword(s):

System Development ◽

Lateral Roots ◽

Root Systems ◽

Shortleaf Pine ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Tree Form ◽

Root System Development ◽

Root Area ◽

Pipe Model ◽

Highly Correlated

The relationship between cross-sectional root area at groundline and composite root area (the sum of the areas of the first-order lateral roots plus the area of the taproot subtending the most distal lateral root) was examined in 3- to 9-year-old loblolly and shortleaf pine (Pinustaeda L. and P. echinata Mill.). For both species, root area at groundline and composite root area were highly correlated, and the slopes in equations relating the two root areas were close to 1.0. These results imply that (i) the pipe model of tree form is appropriate for young root systems, and (ii) the development of basal stem diameter is directly related to root system development.

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Influence of Propagation Method on Root Architecture and Other Traits of Young Citrus Rootstock Plants

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci12320-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 52 (11) ◽

pp. 1569-1576 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ute Albrecht ◽

Mireia Bordas ◽

Beth Lamb ◽

Bo Meyering ◽

Kim D. Bowman

Keyword(s):

Tissue Culture ◽

Root Architecture ◽

Lateral Roots ◽

Specific Root Length ◽

Alternative Methods ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Primary Roots ◽

Citrus Rootstock ◽

Micropropagated Plants ◽

Seed Propagation

There are generally inadequate supplies of seed for the newest rootstocks to satisfy the growing demand for the propagation material to be used in commercial citrus nurseries. Consequently, rootstock propagation, which is traditionally by seed, now often makes use of alternative methods such as cuttings and tissue culture (TC). Propagation through cuttings and TC will generate a root system that is largely composed of adventitious or lateral roots, compared with seed propagation, which will generally promote the formation of a well-defined taproot. In this study, we compared root architecture and growth of seven different rootstock plants, generated from seed, stem cuttings, or TC, during the early weeks of growth in the greenhouse. Based on total dry biomass, root mass fraction of plants generated from cuttings ranged from 11% to 16%, and from 16% to 29% and 21% to 30% for micropropagated plants and seedlings, respectively. Plants propagated through cuttings had the most primary roots (7–10), followed by tissue culture–propagated plants which developed an average of 2–6 primary roots. As expected, plants grown from seeds mostly developed a single and well-defined taproot during the first weeks. The total number of first order lateral roots was highest in the plants propagated as cuttings (108–185) compared with 53–103 and 43–78 for tissue culture–propagated plants and seedlings, respectively. Similarly, specific root length (SRL) was highest in plants derived from cuttings (21–43 m·g−1) and lowest in plants grown from seed (7–20 m·g−1). It is suggested that the larger number and length of roots on rootstock plants propagated through vegetative methods may be better suited for resource acquisition as compared with seed propagated plants.

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Relationships between lateral root order, arbuscular mycorrhiza development, and the physiological state of the symbiotic fungus in Platanus acerifolia

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b96-233 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 74 (12) ◽

pp. 1947-1955 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

B. Tisserant ◽

S. Gianinazzi ◽

V. Gianinazzi-Pearson

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽

Root System ◽

Lateral Root ◽

System Development ◽

Lateral Roots ◽

Physiological State ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Platanus Acerifolia ◽

Root System Development

The rapid development of an efficient root system resulting from arbuscular mycorrhiza formation is essential to the successful establishment of many plant species. We have analysed root system development and used histochemical staining to define relationships between lateral root order dynamics, arbuscular mycorrhiza development, and the physiological state of the symbiotic fungus Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxter sensu Gerdeman) Gerd & Trappe amend. Walker and Koske, in a woody plant species Platanus acerifolia Willd. Arbuscular mycorrhiza induced modifications in root system development in P. acerifolia, compared with nonmycorrhizal root systems. Third-order lateral roots dominated in arbuscular mycorrhizal plants, while second-order laterals were most numerous in nonmycorrhizal systems. Arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization was closely related to the appearance of different root orders; the most active mycelium (characterized by fungal succinate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities) was mainly localized in newly formed lateral roots. Nine weeks after inoculation with G. fasciculatum the proportion of alkaline phosphatase-active mycelium strongly decreased in all root orders, and this was related to an increased phosphorus content of the host plant. The dynamics of development of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and the possible regulation of its activity by the host plant are discussed. Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhiza, fungal enzyme, root system morphology, Platanus acerifolia, Glomus fasciculatum.

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