scholarly journals Apple Fruit Growth and Quality Depend on the Position in Tree Canopy

Plants ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Darius Kviklys ◽  
Jonas Viškelis ◽  
Mindaugas Liaudanskas ◽  
Valdimaras Janulis ◽  
Kristina Laužikė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Maturity Parameters

Modern apple orchard systems should guarantee homogeneity of fruit internal and external qualities and fruit maturity parameters. However, when orchards reach productive age, a variation of these parameters takes place and mostly it is related to uneven light distribution within the tree canopy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the canopy position’s effect on fruit internal and external quality parameters. This is the first study where all the main fruit quality and maturation parameters were evaluated on the same trees and were related to the light conditions and photosynthetic parameters. Four fruit positions were tested: top of the apple tree, lower inside part of the canopy, and east and west sides of the apple tree. Fruit quality variability was significant for fruit size, blush, colour indices, total sugar content, dry matter concentration, accumulation of secondary metabolites and radical scavenging activity. Fruit position in the canopy did not affect flesh firmness and fruit maturity parameters such as the starch index, Streif index and respiration rate. At the Lithuanian geographical location (55°60’ N), significantly, the highest fruit quality was achieved at the top of the apple tree. The tendency was established that apple fruits from the west side of the canopy have better fruit quality than from the east side and it could be related to better light conditions at the west side of the tree. Inside the canopy, fruits were distinguished only by the higher accumulation of triterpenic compounds and higher content of malic acid. Light is a main factor of fruit quality variation, thus all orchard management practices, including narrow two-dimensional tree canopies and reflecting ground covers which improve light penetration through the tree canopy, should be applied.

scholarly journals Supplemental Foliar Potassium Applications during Muskmelon Fruit Development Can Improve Fruit Quality, Ascorbic Acid, and Beta-carotene Contents

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gene E. Lester ◽  
John L. Jifon ◽  
Gordon Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Phloem Transport ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Uptake Inhibition ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Quality Aspects

Muskmelon [Cucumis melo L. (Reticulatus Group)] fruit sugar content is directly related to potassium (K)-mediated phloem transport of sucrose into the fruit. However, during fruit growth and maturation, soil fertilization alone is often inadequate (due to poor root uptake and competitive uptake inhibition from calcium and magnesium) to satisfy the numerous K-dependent processes, such as photosynthesis, phloem transport, and fruit growth. Experiments were conducted during Spring 2003 and 2004 to determine if supplemental foliar K applications during the fruit growth and maturation period would alleviate this apparent inadequate K availability in orange-flesh muskmelon `Cruiser'. Plants were grown in a greenhouse and fertilized throughout the study with a soil-applied N-P-K fertilizer. Flowers were hand pollinated and only one fruit per plant was allowed to develop. Starting at 3 to 5 days after fruit set, and up to 3 to 5 days prior to fruit maturity (full slip), entire plants, including the fruit, were sprayed with a glycine amino acid-complexed potassium (potassium metalosate, 24% K) solution, diluted to 4.0 mL·L-1. Three sets of plants were sprayed either weekly (once per week), biweekly (once every 2 weeks) or not sprayed (control). Fruit from plants receiving supplemental foliar K matured on average 2 days earlier than those from control plants. In general, there were no differences in fruit maturity or quality aspects between the weekly and biweekly treatments except for fruit sugar and beta-carotene concentrations, which were significantly higher in the weekly compared to the biweekly or control treatments. Supplemental foliar K applications also resulted in significantly firmer fruit with higher K, soluble solids, total sugars, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and beta-carotene concentrations than fruit from control plants. These results demonstrate that carefully timed foliar K nutrition can alleviate the developmentally induced K deficiency effects on fruit quality and marketability.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF SUMMER PRUNING ON APPLE TREE CANOPY MICROCLIMATE AND FRUIT QUALITY

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 265A-265
Author(s):  
Ray Allen ◽  
Curt Rom ◽  
John Aselage
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Control Fruit ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Summer Fruit

Summer pruning effects on apple tree canopy microclimate, fruit quality, and summer disease were studied in a commercial orchard in eastern Arkansas. Eighteen lo-year-old trees of `Golde n Delicious'/M111 were treated as follows: 1) non-pruned control, 2) moderate pruned, thinning cuts in the canopy, and 3) heavy pruned, thinning cuts in the canopy and heading shoots on the canopy periphery. Treatments were applied on 23-June, 1992. All trees were dormant pruned. PPFD and relative evaporation (RE), measured with Livingston atmometers, were measured at time of treatment, on 15-July, and at Harvest, 9-Sept. PPFD and RE were immediately increased by summer pruning but by harvest had returned to levels near the non-pruned control. Fruit firmness, titratable acidity, starch, and color were not significantly affected while soluble solids were inconsistently affected. Weight was decreased insignificantly by moderate pruning and decreased slightly by heavy pruning. Summer fruit rot incidence was similar among all treatments. PPFD and RE were significantly higher in upper positions of the canopy as compared to lower positions.

scholarly journals Multiple season-long sprays of ethephon or NAA combined with calcium chloride on ‘Honeycrisp’ apples: I. Effect on bloom and fruit quality attributes

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-459
Author(s):  
John A. Cline
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Biennial Bearing ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Return Bloom ◽  
Honeycrisp Apples

‘Honeycrisp’ apple trees are highly prone to biennial bearing and predisposed to bitter pit. The hypothesis that tank mix sprays of ethephon (ETH), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) combined with calcium chloride (CaCl2) can mitigate these production problems was tested in a 3-yr study. Mature ‘Honeycrisp’ trees were treated with either three or six summer applications of 150 mg L−1 ETH or 5 mg L−1 NAA, all tank-mixed with and without CaCl2, or two or five applications of 150 mg L−1 ACC (without CaCl2). Treatments were applied at 10-d intervals and initiated between 21 and 26 June. All treatments had little effect on enhancing return bloom of ‘Honeycrisp’. NAA, ETH, and CaCl2 all influenced fruit maturity and quality at harvest to varying degrees and across years. Fruit treated with NAA were firmer compared with untreated fruit in 2 out of 3 yr, whereas overall, fruit treated with six sprays of ETH had lower fruit firmness and were more mature. NAA had less influence on fruit quality attributes at harvest than did ETH, and decreased pre-harvest fruit drop (PFD). PFD increased with ETH in 1 out of 2 yr, whereas ACC and NAA both decreased PFD in 1 out of 2 yr. Overall, ETH and NAA, with or without CaCl2, had significant but inconsistent effects on fruit quality and maturity, all dependent on the year and number of applications. Adding CaCl2 decreased fruit firmness in 2 out of 3 yr.

scholarly journals La datation du choeur de l’église de Vaucelles reproduit en plan par Villard de Honnecourt

2018 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-417
Author(s):  
Laurence Terrier Aliferis
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
Villard De Honnecourt ◽  
The Church

Abstract The ruined Cistercian church of Vaucelles is known only by a few preserved fragments and a plan of the choir reproduced by Villard of Honnecourt. Historical sources provide three key dates: 1190 (start of construction), 1215 (entry into the new church), 1235 (date of the dedication). From the nineteenth century until now, it was considered that the foundations were laid in 1190 and that the construction started on the west side of the church. In 1216, the nave would have been completed, and the choir would have been built between 1216 and 1235. Consultation of the historical sources and examination of the historiographic record changes this established chronology of the site. In fact, the construction proceeded from east to west. The choir reproduced in 1216 or shortly before by Villard de Honnecourt presents the building as it then appeared, with the eastern part of the building totally completed.

St Audrie's Bay, Somerset, England: a candidate Global Stratotype Section and Point for the base of the Jurassic System

1994 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Warrington ◽  
J. C. W. Cope ◽  
H. C. Ivimey-Cook
Keyword(s):  
Type Locality ◽  
International Commission ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
Type Area ◽  
Jurassic System ◽  
Stratotype Section

AbstractIn 1967 the Somerset coastline near Watchet was proposed as the type area of the basal (Planorbis) chronozone of the Hettangian Stage and thus of the Jurassic System. Neither at that time nor subsequently, however, has a type locality and section been nominated from those available in the area. There is urgent need to select a Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Hettangian, and of the Jurassic System. The cliff forming the headland at the west side of St Audrie's Bay, three kilometres east of Watchet, Somerset, is here proposed as the type locality and section, with the base of the Hettangian Stage, at the base of the Planorbis Chronozone, being placed at the horizon currently recognized as that at which ammonites of the genus Psiloceras appear. In this section the base of the Planorbis Chronozone corresponds with the base of the Psiloceras planorbis Biozone. The proposal of this section is conditioned by the availability of comprehensive litho- and biostratigraphic information, and the ability of the section to fulfil International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) requirements for a candidate GSSP.

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