scholarly journals Disinfection Impacts to Drinking Water Safety—A Review

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stavroula Tsitsifli ◽  
Vasilis Kanakoudis
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Drinking Water Safety ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Developmental Effects

Drinking water supply safety is of paramount importance for human health. Disinfection is considered as one of the most significant water treatment processes as it inactivates pathogens from drinking water. However, disinfection might have adverse effects in human health, as disinfection by-products, blamed for cancer and reproductive/developmental effects, are formed. Many predictive models and optimization tools are developed in the research. However, an early warning system integrating monitoring, modelling and optimization tools is lacking. The paper reviews the disinfection methods and the models developed so far and presents the basic principles for the development of an early warning system.

scholarly journals Toward an Early Warning System for Health Issues Related to Particulate Matter Exposure in Brazil: The Feasibility of Using Global PM2.5 Concentration Forecast Products

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4074
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Roux ◽  
Eliane Ignotti ◽  
Nelson Bègue ◽  
Hassan Bencherif ◽  
Thibault Catry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Risk Indicators ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
The South ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

PM2.5 severely affects human health. Remotely sensed (RS) data can be used to estimate PM2.5 concentrations and population exposure, and therefore to explain acute respiratory disorders. However, available global PM2.5 concentration forecast products derived from models assimilating RS data have not yet been exploited to generate early alerts for respiratory problems in Brazil. We investigated the feasibility of building such an early warning system. For this, PM2.5 concentrations on a 4-day horizon forecast were provided by the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) and compared with the number of severe acute respiratory disease (SARD) cases. Confounding effects of the meteorological conditions were considered by selecting the best linear regression models in terms of Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), with meteorological features and their two-way interactions as explanatory variables and PM2.5 concentrations and SARD cases, taken separately, as response variables. Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were then computed between the residuals of the models for PM2.5 concentration and SARD cases. The results show a clear tendency to positive correlations between PM2.5 and SARD in all regions of Brazil but the South one, with Spearman’s correlation coefficient reaching 0.52 (p < 0.01). Positive significant correlations were also found in the South region by previously correcting the effects of viral infections on the SARD case dynamics. The possibility of using CAMS global PM2.5 concentration forecast products to build an early warning system for pollution-related effects on human health in Brazil was therefore established. Further investigations should be performed to determine alert threshold(s) and possibly build combined risk indicators involving other risk factors for human respiratory diseases. This is of particular interest in Brazil, where the COVID-19 pandemic and biomass burning are occurring concomitantly, to help minimize the effects of PM emissions and implement mitigation actions within populations.

Hydrology across disciplines: the experience of a Public Hydrological Service in Italy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Ricciardi ◽  
Alessandro Allodi ◽  
Fabio Bordini ◽  
Monica Branchi ◽  
Francesco Cogliandro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Management ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
Water Protection ◽  
Solid Transport

&lt;p&gt;Water is very important for human consumption, production and services and also for inspiration, recreation, landscapes, ecosystems and wild life. UN and EU policies highlights the interaction of historical scientific, economic, societal and environmental factors and the linkage of water policies with biodiversity protection and Climate Change adaptation.&amp;#160; According to the European Green Deal (2019), for a fair and prosperous society, with a modern, resource-efficient and competitive economy working across sectors and disciplines, will be needed, also involving local communities. Moreover Political and management processes may take benefits from specific participatory Tools.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Emilia-Romagna Regional Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy (Arpae) helps sustainability developing &amp;#160;actions for water protection, water use, flood management and education to sustainability. &amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Arpae Hydrological Service (HS) supports flood management and water management, as also design and management of hydraulic structures, through the Flood Early Warning System FEWS and&amp;#160; the Drought Early Warning System DEWS. Arpae HS also collect and publish hydrological time series (water, solid transport) and stage-discharge equations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Within FP7 Enhance (2017) multi risk analysis and Public Private Partnership (PPPs) experiences were supported by&amp;#160; modeling tools combining flood /earthquake/Climate Change scenarios in a densely populated, highly developed land reclamation territory. An Application of the System for Economic and Environmental Accounting for Water (UN SEEA -Water) was developed in 2017. Within Interreg Proline-CE (2019), the FEWS and DEWS Systems, respectively supporting the Flood Forecasting Center and the Observatory on Water Uses, were proposed as Best Management Practices (BMPs) for land and water management useful for drinking water protection. BMPs where tested through workshops, questionnaires,&amp;#160; meetings and technical visits, useful for dissemination and&amp;#160; stakeholders involvement. H2020 Clara was useful to experience co-design/co-development approaches, to explore market segments and business models for water knowledge and climate services, and to set dedicated Policy Briefs for Water and Climate Change Adaptation; Arpae HS developed a set of modeling services&amp;#160; (Clara PWA) related to water management, solid transport, water quality and habitat availability, useful to understand the&amp;#160; influenced of climate change and the needs and proposal coming from market and &amp;#160;the institutions. Interreg boDEREC-CE is a current project on pharmaceutical and personal care pollutants (PPCPs), aimed at developing tools and strategies for protection of drinking water, water ecosystems and public health from pollution, bacterial resistance, toxicity and pathogens.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Arpae HS through these experiences has gained awareness of the inter linkage of hydrology with other sectors (economy, Earth sciences, ICT, health, ecology, society) and of the importance of developing specific decision support tools maximizing stakeholder participation, societal dissemination, transparency, education to sustainability and experts involvement.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Assessing the Usefulness of the Automated Monitoring Systems ECOTOX and DaphniaTox in an Integrated Early-Warning System for Drinking Water

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Netto
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Aquatic Macroinvertebrate ◽  
Macroinvertebrate Species

This study assesses the suitability of the behavioural image analysis systems ECOTOX and Daphnia Tox for inclusion in an integrated early-warning system for drinking water quality to be implemented in Canada. Results of behavioural parameters measured by ECOTOX using Euglena gracilis are compared to visual observations of E. gracilis behaviour after exposure to atrazine, tributyltin, and copper to determine the automated system's sensitivity. The usability of the Daphnia Tox automated system is assessed using the aquatic macroinvertebrate species Daphnia magna and Hyalella azteca. The possible use of the rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus and Brachionus havanensis with the ECOTOX system is also assessed. Findings indicate that at the present state ECOTOX and DaphniaTox are not suitable for inclusion in an early-warning system, but based on visual observation the parameters measured are sensitive to the contaminants tested and consistent, and with suggested modifications these systems have the potential to be fitting additions in an early-warning system.

INSOLVENCY OF INSURANCE COMPANIES IN UKRAINE: DETECTION AND PROGNOSTICATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (41) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
V. Yukhumenko
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Insurance Market ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Insurance Company ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Solvency Assessment ◽  
Company Insolvency

The paper demonstrates the results of research on the problems of insurance company insolvency. The outcomes describe the basic principles of detection and using the early warning system in Ukraine. The paper shows the necessity to reorganize the basic principles of the detection of local insolvent insurers. The study also determines the groups of persons who are directly or indirectly interested in the insurer's solvency assessment. This work presents the system of insurance companies' insolvency indicators, which help to identify insolvency at the early stages. The paper distinguishes precautionary, delayed, internal, and external insolvency indicators of insurers. The study divides the values of insurer's insolvency indicators into "yellow" and "red" zones to increase the flexibility of using various instruments for influencing by the regulator depending on the level of danger of the insurance company. This work argues for taking timely measures to the threat of insolvency of the insurance companies by the insurance supervisor.Key words: insolvency, instability of the insurers, solvency, early warning system, insurance market.

WP-C: A Step Towards Secured Drinking Water: Development of an Early Warning System for Lakes

2018 ◽  
pp. 159-205
Author(s):  
Marcus Rybicki ◽  
Christian Moldaenke ◽  
Karsten Rinke ◽  
Hanno Dahlhaus ◽  
Knut Klingbeil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Water Development
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