scholarly journals The Temple of Solomon in Iron Age Context

Religions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 198
Author(s):  
Yosef Garfinkel ◽  
Madeleine Mumcuoglu
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Biblical Text ◽  
Building Model ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
1 Kings ◽  
The Temple

1 Kings preserves a long and detailed description of the construction of a temple and palace in Jerusalem by King Solomon in the 10th century BCE. Previous generations of scholars accepted this description as an authentic account. Accordingly, much literature on this text and the relevant archeological discoveries has accumulated. Since the 1980s, skeptical approaches to the early part of the Kingdom of Judah, the biblical text, and the archaeological record have been expressed. Some scholars doubt whether any temple at all was constructed in Jerusalem in the 10th century BCE. In the last few years, the picture has been changed by new discoveries from two Judean sites: a building model of the early 10th century BCE from Khirbet Qeiyafa and an actual temple building of the 9th century BCE from Motza. In this article, we present the history of research, some aspects of the biblical text and the contribution of the new discoveries. These enable us to place in context both the biblical text and the building it describes.

The Spade and the Text: The Interaction between Archaeology and Israelite History Relating to the Tenth-Ninth Centuries bce

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMIHAI MAZAR
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Biblical Text ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
United Monarchy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biblical Sources

There exists today a wide spectrum of views concerning the process of the writing and redaction of the various parts of the Hebrew Bible, as well as the evaluation of the biblical text in reconstructing the history of Israel during the Iron Age. An archaeologist must make a choice between divergent views and epistemological approaches when trying to combine archaeological data with biblical sources. There are five major possibilities, one of which is to claim that the biblical sources retain important kernels of ancient history in spite of the comparatively late time of writing and editing. Archaeology can be utilized to examine biblical data in the light of archaeology and judge critically the validity of each biblical episode. This chapter examines why we should accept the historicity of the biblical account regarding ninth-century northern Israel and discredit the historicity of the United Monarchy or Judah. It also discusses Jerusalem as a city during the tenth to ninth centuries and its role in defining state formation in Judah.

A Reappraisal of the History of the Rhodesian Iron Age Up to the Fifteenth Century

1966 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. E. Jaffey
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Large Area ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Power And Influence

The suggestions put forward in this paper may be summarized as follows. The linguistic, cultural and to some extent physical ancestors of the modern Bantu people south of the Zambezi, including the Shona, arrived in Rhodesia in the early part of the first millennium a.d. The B1 culture was not introduced by Shona migrants arriving in the eleventh century, but was a local development of the already existing Shona Iron Age A, attributable perhaps to prosperity gained from the gold trade. The B1 culture should not in fact be regarded as a separate culture from the A, that later fused with it, but as a variant of it, which because of the power and influence of those who developed and practised it eventually spread over a large area and became a common factor in the various local Shona cultures that had diverged, and continued to diverge, in the course of time.

The Iberian Peninsula

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xosé-Lois Armada ◽  
Ignacio Grau-Mira
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
North West ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Greek Colonization

This chapter provides an overview of the Iron Age across the Iberian Peninsula, transcending the division between ‘Celtic/Indo-European’ and ‘Iberian/non-Indo-European’ areas which has characterized previous research. This division arose largely from diffusionist thinking that considered cultural development to be dependent on western European or Mediterranean influences respectively, and linked to historical processes led by the great Mediterranean civilizations (Orientalization, Phoenician, and Greek colonization). The chapter begins with an outline of the history of research, the geographical context, and the main types of periodization in use. It then offers a summary of the archaeological record employing a framework of ten regions, beginning with the north-west and ending with the north-east. The final section considers the main subjects of current research into the Iron Age on the Iberian Peninsula (ways of life, the economy, complexity, identity, ritual, and cultural expression).

scholarly journals Space as the Stage: Understanding the Sacred Landscape Around the Early Celtic Hillfort of the Glauberg

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 365-382
Author(s):  
Axel G. Posluschny ◽  
Ruth Beusing
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Sacred Landscape ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
The People ◽  
Settlement Site ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Burial Mounds ◽  
Area North ◽  
Surrounding Landscape

AbstractThe Early ‘Celtic’ hillfort of the Glauberg in Central Germany, some 40 km northeast of Frankfurt, is renowned for its richly furnished burials and particularly for a wholly preserved sandstone statue of an Early Iron Age chief, warrior or hero with a peculiar headgear – one of the earliest life-size figural representations north of the Alps. Despite a long history of research, the basis for the apparent prosperity of the place (i.e., of the people buried here) is still debated, as is the meaning of the settlement site as part of its surrounding landscape. The phenomenon known as ‘princely sites’ is paralleled in the area north and west of the Alps, though each site has a unique set of characteristics. This paper focusses on investigations and new excavations that put the Glauberg with its settlement, burial and ceremonial features into a wider landscape context, including remote sensing approaches (geophysics and LiDAR) as well as viewshed analyses which define the surrounding area based on the Glauberg itself and other burial mounds on the mountains in its vicinity.

BUILDING AN EARLY MAYA COMMUNITY: ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT CAOBAL, GUATEMALA

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 265-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Munson ◽  
Flory Pinzón
Keyword(s):  
Identity Politics ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Political Transformations ◽  
Maya Architecture ◽  
Preclassic Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Local Traditions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Temple

AbstractArchaeological investigations at the minor center of Caobal provide clues about local traditions of civic-ceremonial architecture as well as the relationship between these buildings and broader social and political transformations during the Preclassic period. The remains of pre-Hispanic Maya architecture represent a series of actions, decisions, and repeated practices, which contribute to long sequences of construction observed in the archaeological record. In particular, these data shed light on two major building campaigns that took place within Caobal's central precinct from about 850b.c.–a.d.250. By examining the materiality and temporality of minor temple architecture beyond primary centers of power, we examine how these buildings were constructed and, in turn, how these structures may have transformed the daily practices, identity politics, and religious values of pre-Hispanic Maya communities. Repeated construction of buildings in the temple precinct of Caobal provides a long and detailed archaeological record that allows us to reconstruct the history of material and social practices that shaped this local community beyond the Ceibal center.

scholarly journals From the history of research into the Slavic lands and peoples in Polish archaeology to the early 1940's

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 301-324
Author(s):  
Jacek Lech ◽  
Danuta Piotrowska
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Early History ◽  
Romantic Period ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Northwestern Poland ◽  
The University

The article presents the interest of Polish archaeology before 1945 in the prehistory and early history of the Slavs. The pioneers were Count Jan Potocki towards the end of the 18th century a representative of the Enlightenment period, and then Zorian Dołęga Chodakowski. Chodakowski’s work from 1818 about the Slavs before Christianity opened the Romantic period in Polish antiquarianism. At this time the greatest Polish poets were writing important works relating to the pre-Christian past of Poland, and a statue of the pagan god Światowid (Światowit) was found in the river Zbrucz. Studies of the earliest Slavs were continued by the positivists. At the beginning of the 20th century, one of them was E.Majewski from Warsaw, a promotor of the works of L. Niederle devoted to Slavic antiquities. In the period when the cultural-historical school dominated, prehistoric archaeology was becoming ever more closely associated with nationalism and politics (G. Kossinna). Majewski was one of the first critics of Kossinna’s method and works. In the years 1919–1944 Majewski’s pupil, L. Kozłowski, and J. Czekanowski studied the origin of the Slavs. Both were professors of the University in Lviv. Together with J. Kostrzewski, a prehistorian from Poznań, they regarded the Lusatian culture from the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age as ancient Slavic. This view was important as propaganda in the political and scholarly dispute with prehistorians of the Third Reich. Its significance increased after the discovery and start of excavations of a fortified settlement of the Lusatian culture in Biskupin, in northwestern Poland. During the Second World War, Biskupin was excavated by H. Schleif from the SS-Ahnenerbe. The intention was to refute Kostrzewski’s views. At the same time, Kostrzewski and Kozłowski were writing works intended to confirm the ancient Slavic character of the Lusatian culture. Today their views constitute an interesting chapter in the history of science. Key words: early history of the Slavs, Światowid, Biskupin, Romantic period, Lusatian culture.

Central Europe

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carola Metzner-Nebelsick
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Urban Forms ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
La Tène ◽  
The Alps ◽  
La Tene

This chapter covers the area between eastern France and western Hungary, and from the Alps to the central European Mittelgebirge, following the established division between the early Iron Age (Hallstatt) and later Iron Age (La Tène) periods, beginning each section with a summary of the history of research and chronology. After characterizing the west–east Hallstatt cultural spheres, early Iron Age burial rites, material culture, and settlements are explored by region, including the phenomenon of ‘princely seats’. In the fifth century BC, a new ideological, social, and aesthetic concept arose, apparent both in the burial record, and especially in the development of the new La Tène art style. This period also saw the emergence of new, larger proto-urban forms of settlement, first unfortified agglomerations, and later the fortified oppida. Finally, the chapter examines changes in the nature and scale of production, material culture, and religious practices through the first millennium BC.

Rock Art of North America

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Whitley
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Cultural Systems ◽  
History Of ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Past Half

North America contains a large and diverse corpus of Indigenous rock art, matched by a long history of research, and a rich ethnographic record. The regional patterns in the age, nature, and (in some cases) meaning of this art are briefly summarized in this overview chapter. By roughly 12,000 bp, a series of different styles and traditions had already developed across the continent, providing evidence for cultural diversity not visible in the lithic archaeological record. At least one of these traditions continued into recent times while, in other culture areas, replacement and change is evident into the past half-millennium. The appearance of rock art traditions thus documents the changing patterns of regional North American cultural systems.

The Cult Complex of Bel at Porolissum. Historical and Architectural Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 101-136
Author(s):  
Coriolan Horațiu Opreanu ◽  
Flaminiu Taloș
Keyword(s):  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Architectural Elements ◽  
Cultural Roots ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Religious Cult ◽  
History Of ◽  
Architectural Principles ◽  
Architectural Perspective ◽  
The Temple

The authors are reopening the file of a monument at Porolissum long time ago archaeologically investigated. After the history of research, they are discussing the chronology and the construction phases of the temple, They reject the initial existence of the temple of Liber Pater under the temple of Bel, as no evidence for such a situation exists. At the same time is not accepted the hypothesis of a Christian basilica built over the temple sometimes in the 4th century. There are analyzed two architectural elements (a Corinthian capital with human protome and an ornamented merlon) which offered the occasion to the authors to introspect the deep cultural roots of the monument and of the religious cult performend by the Palmyrene community to whom the temple and the banqueting hall from the vicinity belonged. The analyze of the two stone elements shows that their origins are to be found in the Oriental civilizations, as well as their symbolic meaning. Mentioning also some votive altars at Porolissum ornamented with the crowsteps motif, of Oriental origin, is proposed the activity at Porolissum of a carving workshop whose masters were Orientals who saw the original monuments in Palmyra and worked for the local Palmyrene community. The final part of the paper propose a 3D reconstruction of the cult complex, based on all available historical and archaeological data and using the ancient architectural principles.

‘Princely graves’ of the central Balkans – A critical history of research

2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-88
Author(s):  
Staša Babić
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Archaeological Theory ◽  
Archaeological Investigation ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Critical History ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Temperate Europe ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
The 1960S

This article critically explores the century-long history of research into a particular set of archaeological finds. The ‘princely graves’ – funerary assemblages dated to the early Iron Age (seventh to fifth centuries BC) containing, among other things, luxurious objects produced in Archaic Greek workshops – are known from various parts of temperate Europe, and were first recorded in the central Balkans region by the end of the nineteenth century. By their very nature, these finds pose several important theoretical and methodological problems, one of them being the need to bridge the divide between the procedures of prehistoric and classical archaeologies. The first attempts to account for these exceptional finds, in Europe as well as in the Balkans, were guided by the culture-historical procedure, typical of the archaeological investigation of the time. During the 1960s New Archaeology brought about the notion of chiefdom as a tool to account for the Iron Age societies. The concept was introduced into research on the central Balkan finds, proving successful in overcoming the shortcomings of the previous explanations, but at the same time creating new ones, encapsulated in the critique of the evolutionary approach. This review of research into the ‘princely graves’ concludes in proposing several new lines of inquiry, already introduced in the European archaeological theory: issues of group identity and individual actors, and phenomenological approaches to time and space.

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