scholarly journals Evaluations of the Climatologies of Three Latest Cloud Satellite Products Based on Passive Sensors (ISCCP-H, Two CERES) against the CALIPSO-GOCCP

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 5150
Author(s):  
Faisal S. Boudala ◽  
Jason A. Milbrandt
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Active Sensors ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Satellite Retrieval ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Summer Hemisphere ◽  
Passive Sensors ◽  
Winter Hemisphere ◽  
Global Mean

In this study, the climatologies of three different satellite cloud products, all based on passive sensors (CERES Edition 4.1 [EBAF4.1 and SYN4.1] and ISCCP–H), were evaluated against the CALIPSO-GOCCP (GOCCP) data, which are based on active sensors and, hence, were treated as the reference. Based on monthly averaged data (ocean + land), the passive sensors underestimated the total cloud cover (TCC) at lower (TCC < 50%), but, overall, they correlated well with the GOCCP data (r = 0.97). Over land, the passive sensors underestimated the TCC, with a mean difference (MD) of −2.6%, followed by the EBAF4.1 and ISCCP-H data with a MD of −2.0%. Over the ocean, the CERES-based products overestimated the TCC, but the SYN4.1 agreed better with the GOCCP data. The ISCCP-H data on average underestimated the TCC both over oceanic and continental regions. The annual mean TCC distribution over the globe revealed that the passive sensors generally underestimated the TCC over continental dry regions in northern Africa and southeastern South America as compared to the GOCCP, particularly over the summer hemisphere. The CERES datasets overestimated the TCC over the Pacific Islands between the Indian and eastern Pacific Oceans, particularly during the winter hemisphere. The ISCCP-H data also underestimated the TCC, particularly over the southern hemisphere near 60° S where the other datasets showed a significantly enhanced TCC. The ISCCP data also showed less TCC when compared against the GOCCP data over the tropical regions, particularly over the southern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans near the equator and also over the polar regions where the satellite retrieval using the passive sensors was generally much more challenging. The calculated global mean root meant square deviation value for the ISCCP-H data was 6%, a factor of 2 higher than the CERES datasets. Based on these results, overall, the EBAF4.1 agreed better with the GOCCP data.

scholarly journals Turunan Senyawa Flavonoid dari Daun Macaranga involucrata (Roxb.) Baill dari Buton Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edi Ilimu ◽  
Yana Maolana Syah
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Separation And Purification ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Methoxy Flavone ◽  
Pure Compounds ◽  
Stilbene Derivatives

Macaranga merupakan salah satu genus terbesar dari famili Euphorbiaceae yang terdiri dari 300 spesies dengan nama lokal mahang-mahangan. Tumbuhan Macaranga tersebar luas di wilayah Afrika dan Madagaskar di bagian barat hingga ke wilayah tropis Asia, Australia utara dan kepulauan Pasifik. Di Indonesia tumbuhan Macaranga tersebar di beberapa daerah yaitu daerah Papua, Maluku, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Sumatera, Bangka, dan Jawa. Kajian fitokimia beberapa spesies Macaranga menunjukan adanya kelompok senyawa fenolik yaitu turunan flavonoid dan stilben, serta turunan terpenoid. Senyawa turunan fenolik tersebut memiliki keunikan dari struktur molekulnya, yaitu adanya subtituen tambahan dari metabolit terpenoid yaitu prenil (C5), geranil (C10), farnesil (C15), dan geranilgeranil (C20). Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan isolasi metabolit sekunder dari daun M. involucrata (Roxb.) Baill dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut aseton, kemudian dilanjutkan pemisahan dan pemurnian dengan menggunakan kromatografi cair vakum dan kromatografi radial untuk mendapatkan senyawa murni. Penentuan struktur dilakukan berdasarkan analisis data spektrum NMR 1D (1H-NMR dan13C-NMR), NMR 2D (NOESY, TOCSY, HSQC, dan HMBC), dan spektrum massa (MS). Berdasarkan metodologi tersebut, dua senyawa turunan flavon yaitu 5,7,4’-trihidroksi-3’(3-metilbut-2-enil)-3-metoksiflavon (1) dan makarangin (2), telah berhasil diisolasi dari tumbuhan ini. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut menunjukan daun M. involucrata (Roxb.) Baill yang berasal dari Kabupaten Buton Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara menghasilkan senyawa fenolik turunan flavonoid. Kata kunci: Euphorbiaceae, Macaranga involucrata (Roxb.) Baill, flavon. Macaranga is one of the largest genera of the family Euphorbiaceae comprising 300 species with local name “mahang-mahangan”. Macaranga is widespread in the region of Africa and the west of Madagascar to the tropical regions of Asia, northern Australia, and the Pacific islands. In Indonesia Macaranga spread in several areas:  Papua, Maluku, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Sumatra, Bangka, and Java. Phytochemical studies showed the presence of several phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and stilbene derivatives. The phenolic compounds have a unique molecular structure with the addition of some substituents such as prenyl (C5), geranyl (C10), farnesyl (C15), and geranylgeranyl (C20). This research has been conducted on the isolation of secondary metabolites from the leaves of M. involucrata (Roxb.) Baill by maceration method using acetone, followed by separation and purification by using liquid vacuum chromatography and radial chromatography to obtain pure compounds. Determination of the structure is based on data analysis of 1D NMR spectrum (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR), 2D NMR (1H-1HCOSY, NOESY, TOCSY, HSQC, and HMBC), and mass spectra (MS). Based on this methodology, two flavone derivatives 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3'(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-3-methoxy flavone (1) and macarangin (2), have been isolated from this plant. Based on these results showed that leaf of M. involucrata (Roxb.) Baill from Central Buton, Southeast Sulawesi produces phenolic compounds from flavonoid derivatives. Keywords: Euphorbiaceae, Macaranga involucrata (Roxb.) Baill, flavone.

scholarly journals 411 PB 054 ORIGIN OF HORTICULTURE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND THE DISPERSAL OF DOMESTICATED PLANTS TO THE PACIFIC ISLANDS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 489g-490
Author(s):  
Robert F. Bevacqua
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Linguistic Evidence ◽  
Root Tuber ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
The Impact

Navigators from Southeast Asia began voyages of discovery into the Pacific Ocean four thousand years ago that resulted in the dispersal of an assemblage of domesticated plants that has come to dominate horticulture in the world's tropical regions. Archaeological, botanical, and linguistic evidence indicates the assemblage included coconut, banana, taro, yam, sugar cane, and other important food and fiber crops. An emerging view among scholars is that an origin of horticulture is associated with early Chinese civilization and that Southeast Asia was a center for the domestication of vegetatively propagated root, tuber, and fruit crops. This paper describes (1) an origin for horticulture in Southeast Asia, (2) the eastward dispersal of horticultural plants by voyagers, and (3) the impact of the introduction of horticulture on the natural enviroment of the Pacific Islands.

Solanum elaeagnifolium (silverleaf nightshade).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Jennifer Datiles ◽  
Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Perennial Plant ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Silverleaf Nightshade ◽  
Agricultural Weed ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Solanum Elaeagnifolium ◽  
Noxious Weed

Abstract S. elaeagnifolium is a deep-rooted summer-growing perennial plant, native to the Americas, but now widely naturalized beyond its native range in extra-tropical regions. It is considered a tenacious weed in many arid to semi-arid places including India, Australia, South Africa, the Pacific Islands, and the USA (Holm et al., 1979; Wagner et al., 1999; Randall, 2012; USDA-ARS, 2014). It is known to be invasive in Cuba (Oviedo-Prieto et al., 2012) and Hawaii (PIER, 2014), a principal weed in India (Holm et al., 1979), and an agricultural weed in Java (Randall, 2012). It has been declared a noxious weed in the U.S. states of Arkansas, California, Idaho, Nevada, and Washington, and an "A" designated weed for quarantine in Oregon and Washington (USDA-NRCS, 2014). The species competes with crops, interferes with livestock, acts as a host for insects and plant diseases, and spreads by forming dense colonies from its extensive root system as well as by propagation of seeds (Boyd et al., 1984; Wagner et al., 1999; EPPO, 2007; PIER, 2014). The species is difficult to control without chemicals (UC Davis Weed Research and Information Center, 2013) and it is essential to keep it out of uncontaminated areas (EPPO, 2007). The species is known to be toxic to cattle, causing damage to intestinal tract and nervous systems and, in severe cases, can cause hallucinations, paralysis, and death (Mas and Lugo-Torres, 2013).

Typification of the Linnaean name Bignonia peruviana (Vitaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 236 (3) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Duilio Iamonico ◽  
Enrico Banfi ◽  
Gabriele Galasso ◽  
Lucia Lohmann ◽  
Julio Lombardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Carl Linnaeus ◽  
The Family

Vitaceae Juss. is a family of 15 genera and about 750 species mainly distributed in tropical regions of Asia, Africa, Australia, the neotropics, and the Pacific islands, with a few genera [Vitis Linnaeus (1753: 202), Parthenocissus Planchon [1887: 447(–448)], Ampelopsis Michaux (1803: 159), and Nekemias Rafinesque (1838: 87)] occurring in temperate regions (APGIII 2009, Wen 2007, Wen et al. 2014). The family is well known for its economical importance since several species, especially Vitis vinifera Linnaeus (1753: 202) and several artificial hybrids of Vitis, are important sources of grapes, wine, and raisins (Ardenghi et al. 2014). Bignonia peruviana Linnaeus (1753: 625), one of the 19 Vitaceae names published by Carl Linnaeus (see Jarvis 2007) appears to be yet untypified, and is here investigated as part of ongoing studies on: (1) Linnaean types (by D. Iamonico, see e.g., Ferrer-Gallego et al. 2014, Iamonico 2014a, 2014b, 2014c, Iamonico et al. 2014, 2015, Sukhorukov et al. 2014); (2) the genus Vitis in Italy (by N.M.G. Ardenghi, E. Banfi, and G. Galasso, see e.g. Ardenghi et al. 2014, 2015a, 2015b); (3) the Neotropical Vitaceae (by J. Lombardi, see e.g., Lombardi 1995, 1997, 2000, Rodrigues et al. 2014); and (4) the Bignoniaceae (by L.G. Lohmann, see e.g., Lohmann et al. 2013, Lohmann & Taylor 2014, Fonseca et al. 2015, Medeiros & Lohmann 2015, Zuntini et al. 2014).

scholarly journals 526 Hawaiian Islands Horticulture: A Prehistoric Perspective

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 485F-486
Author(s):  
Robert F. Bevacqua
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Hawaiian Islands ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Introduced Plants ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Linguistic Evidence ◽  
Island Ecosystem ◽  
Horticultural Plants

The introduction of horticulture to the Hawaiian Islands by Polynesian voyagers in AD 300 represents the culmination of eastward voyages of discovery by navigators whose origins were in southeastern Asia and who dispersed an important assemblage of horticultural crops through the Pacific islands. Archaeological, botanical, and linguistic evidence has been used to establish that these voyagers, using double-hulled sailing canoes, transported 27 horticultural plants with them in their voyage of discovery of the Hawaiian Islands. This assemblage included banana, coconut palm, sweetpotato, yam, breadfruit, and taro. The introduction of these plants had a dramatic and damaging impact on the island ecosystem. Many native species of plants and birds became extinct as the settlers used fire as a tool in clearing land for the planting of the introduced plants. A complex civilization developed based on the production of horticultural crops. The staple of food for this society was taro or kalo. The corm or underground portion was mashed with water and eaten as a paste called poi. Large, irrigated, terrace systems were developed for taro production. The most enduring achievement of the Polynesian navigators who explored and colonized the Hawaiian Islands was the dispersal of an assemblage of horticultural plants that transformed the natural environment of both Hawaii and much of the world's tropical regions.

Growing Coconut Palms in the Pacific Islands: Colliding Knowledge and Values

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith A. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Tropical Pacific ◽  
Experiential Knowledge ◽  
The West ◽  
Passive Resistance ◽  
The People ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Tropical Pacific

Coconuts provided commodities for the West in the form of coconut oil and copra. Once colonial governments established control of the tropical Pacific Islands, they needed revenue so urged European settlers to establish coconut plantations. For some decades most copra came from Indigenous growers. Administrations constantly urged the people to thin old groves and plant new ones like plantations, in grid patterns, regularly spaced and weeded. Local growers were instructed to collect all fallen coconuts for copra from their groves. For half a century, the administrations’ requirements met with Indigenous passive resistance. This paper examines the underlying reasons for this, elucidating Indigenous ecological and social values, based on experiential knowledge, knowledge that clashed with Western scientific values.

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