scholarly journals Online Moisture Measurement of Bio Fuel at a Paper Mill Employing a Microwave Resonator

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 3844
Author(s):  
Martta-Kaisa Olkkonen
Keyword(s):  
Water Layer ◽  
Cavity Resonator ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Conveyor Belt ◽  
Filter Press ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Strip Line ◽  
Correct Operation ◽  
Moisture Measurement ◽  
Resonant Frequency Shift

This paper investigates online moisture measurement of biofuel employing a strip line cavity resonator at approximately 366 MHz, attached above and below the conveyor belt. An existing sensor design is modified for the factory assembly, and the correct operation has been tested prior to this paper with a small number of measurement points and collected reference samples (n = 67). The purpose is now to concentrate on the accuracy of the measurement and increase the number of measurement points (n = 367). The measurements were made in 5 different lots, and the thickness and moisture properties of the biomaterial mat were varied between minimum and maximum levels by adjusting the settings of the belt filter press that presses pulp slush into a mat. In order to further reduce inaccuracy, at the maximum one standard deviation was allowed from the average height of the equivalent water layer for each dataset, and consequently the number of samples was reduced to 235. A linear fit and a parabola fit were determined for thickness of the equivalent water layer vs. the relative resonant frequency shift: R2 = 0.82 and R2 = 0.78.

scholarly journals Effect of Stripline Number on Resonant Frequency of Hexagonal Split Ring Resonator Metamaterial

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
Romi Fadli Syahputra ◽  
Yan Soerbakti ◽  
Riad Syech ◽  
Erman Taer ◽  
Saktioto Saktioto
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Resonant Frequency ◽  
Ring Resonator ◽  
Negative Refractive Index ◽  
Split Ring Resonator ◽  
Electromagnetic Properties ◽  
Strip Line ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Split Ring ◽  
Resonant Frequency Shift

Piranti-piranti elektronik maupun optoelektronik yang efisien dan responsif saat ini tengah masif dikembangkan dalam beragam bentuk dan jenis. Meta-material merupakan rancangan optoelektronik yang unik dengan sifat elektromagnetik yang tidak ditemukan secara alami, salah satunya adalah peristiwa indeks bias negatif. Eksplorasi terhadap banyak ragam struktur metamaterial sangat penting dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik tiap struktur. Salah satu struktur metamaterial yang menarik dikaji adalah bentuk heksagonal. Penelitian ini menginvestigasi karakteristik frekuensi resonan dan distribusi medan elektromagnetik metamaterial split ring resonator heksagonal (SRR-H) yang dikombinasikan dengan stripe line (SL) berupa logam tembaga. Lebih lanjut, jumlah SL divariasikan dari 0 - 5 unit dan disimulasikan dalam medium udara dalam rentang frekuensi 1 – 7,5 GHz. Hasil simulasi menunjukan adanya pergeseran frekuensi resonan untuk tiap penambahan SL dalam rentang frekuensi 4,31 – 5,82 GHz. Sebaran medan listrik cenderung terpusat pada cincin resonator sedangkan medan magnet cenderung terdistribusi pada SL. Desain metamaterial SRR-H dengan 3 SL memberikan respon disipasi energi yang terkecil dengan medan E maksimum 2,59 kV×m-1 dan medan H maksimum 8,69 A×m-1. Desain SRR-H ini cukup potensial untuk diaplikasikan sebagai antena gelombang elektomagnetik yang efisien dan juga sebagai biosensor. Efficient and responsive electronic and optoelectronic devices are currently being massively developed in various forms and types. Metamaterial is a unique optoelectronic design with electromagnetic properties that are not found naturally, one of its properties is a negative refractive index. Exploration of different types of metamaterial structures is very important to identify the characteristics of each structure. One of the interesting metamaterial structures is a hexagonal shape. This research investigates the resonant frequency characteristics and electromagnetic field distribution of split-ring resonator (SRR-H) hexagonal-shaped metamaterial which is combined with the copper stripe line (SL). Furthermore, the number of SL is varied from 0 to 5 units and simulated in the air medium in frequency range of 1 - 7.5 GHz. The simulation results show a resonant frequency shift occurred for each SL combination in the 4.31 - 5.82 GHz frequency range. The distribution of the electric field tends to be concentrated on the resonator while the magnetic field tends to be distributed on the SL. The SRR-H metamaterial with 3 SL provides the smallest energy dissipation response with a maximum E field of 2.59 kV×m-1 and a maximum H field of 8.69 A×m-1. The SRR-H design is potential enough to be applied as an efficient electromagnetic wave antenna and also as a biosensor.Keywords: Metamaterials, SRR-H, strip line, resonant frequency, electromagnetic field

Microwave resonance method for measuring microliter volumes of free moisture in aviation fuels

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Vitaly V. Volkov ◽  
Michael A. Suslin ◽  
Jamil U. Dumbolov
Keyword(s):  
Solid Surface ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Resonance Method ◽  
Cavity Resonator ◽  
Maximum Error ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Microwave Resonance ◽  
Free Moisture ◽  
Microwave Losses

One of the conditions for ensuring the safety of air transport operation is the quality of aviation fuel refueled in aircraft. Fuel quality control is a multi-parameter task that includes monitoring the free moisture content. Regulatory documents establish the content of free water no more than 0.0015% by weight. It is developed a direct electrometric microwave resonance method for controlling free moisture in aviation fuels, which consists in changing the shape of the water drops by pressing them on a solid surface inside a cylindrical cavity resonator. This can dramatically increase dielectric losses. Analytical and experimental analysis of the proposed method is carried out. The control range from 0,5 to 30 μl of absolute volume of moisture in aviation fuels with a maximum error of not morethan 25 % is justified. The sensitivity of the proposed method for monitoring microwave losses in free moisture drops transformed into a thin layer by pressing is an order of magnitude greater than the sensitivity of the method for monitoring microwave losses in moisture drops on a solid surface in a resonator. The proposed method can be used as a basis for the development of devices for monitoring the free moisture of aviation fuels in the conditions of the airfield and laboratory. The direction of development of the method is shown.

Modeling of a sensitive element on a planar mushroom-shaped metamaterial for non-destructive testing and searching for inhomogeneities in technological media

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-59
Author(s):  
A. A. Yelizarov ◽  
A. A. Skuridin ◽  
E. A. Zakirova
Keyword(s):  
Sensitive Element ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Resonant Frequency Shift ◽  
Maltese Cross ◽  
Informative Parameters ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Cross Type ◽  
Electrodynamic Structure ◽  
Electrophysical Parameters

A computer model and the results of a numerical experiment for a sensitive element on a planar mushroom-shaped metamaterial with cells of the “Maltese cross” type are presented. The proposed electrodynamic structure is shown to be applicable for nondestructive testing of geometric and electrophysical parameters of technological media, as well as searching for inhomogeneities in them. Resonant frequency shift and change of the attenuation coefficient value of the structure serve as informative parameters.

Chemical, anatomical, and technology aspects of Eucalyptus benthamii and Eucalyptus dunii for use in an integrated pulp and paper mill

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
GISELY SAMISTRARO ◽  
PETER W. HART ◽  
JORGE LUIZ COLODETTE ◽  
RICARDO PAIM
Keyword(s):  
Energy Levels ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Physical Strength

Eucalyptus dunii has been commercially used in southern Brazil because of its relatively good frost tolerance and adequate productivity in the winter months. More recently, interest has grown in cultivating Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden & Cambage, which presents even superior frost tolerance compared to E. dunii and is highly productive as well. The quality of E. benthamii for pulp production is not yet proven. Thus, the chemical, anatomical, and technological aspects of pulp made from E. benthamii were compared with those of E. dunii for unbleached paper production. Samples of E. benthamii chips were obtained and analyzed for their basic density, chemical composition, higher heating value, trace elemental analysis, and chip size distribution. The chips were kraft cooked using conditions that produced a 74 ± 6 kappa number. The pulps were characterized for kappa number, yield, viscosity, and morphologic characteristics (e.g., length, wall thickness, and coarseness). Black liquor was analyzed for total solids, organics, inorganics, sodium sulfide, sodium hydroxide, and sodium carbonate. Brownstocks were beaten at five different energy levels in a Valley beater, and the physical strength properties of 120 g/m² handsheets were measured to develop a beater curve. The results of this study showed differences in delignification between the two woods and lower pulp yield for E. benthamii , which are related to their chemical compositions and basic densities. The E. benthamii studied in this work exhibited higher amounts of lignin and extractives, lower carbohydrate content, and lower basic density. However, cooking a blend of the two woods afforded good results in pulping and in physical pulp properties.

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