scholarly journals Towards Distributed Measurements of Electric Fields Using Optical Fibers: Proposal and Proof-Of-Concept Experiment

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (16) ◽  
pp. 4461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Magalhães ◽  
João Pereira ◽  
Oleksandr Tarasenko ◽  
Sonia Martin-Lopez ◽  
Miguel González-Herráez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Electrical Fields ◽  
Silica Fibers ◽  
Highly Sensitive

Nowadays there is an increasing demand for the cost-effective monitoring of potential threats to the integrity of high-voltage networks and electric power infrastructures. Optical fiber sensors are a particularly interesting solution for applications in these environments, due to their low cost and positive intrinsic features, including small size and weight, dielectric properties, and invulnerability to electromagnetic interference (EMI). However, due precisely to their intrinsic EMI-immune nature, the development of a distributed optical fiber sensing solution for the detection of partial discharges and external electrical fields is in principle very challenging. Here, we propose a method to exploit the third-order and second-order nonlinear effects in silica fibers, as a means to achieve highly sensitive distributed measurements of external electrical fields in real time. By monitoring the electric-field-induced variations in the refractive index using a highly sensitive Rayleigh-based CP-φOTDR scheme, we demonstrate the distributed detection of Kerr and Pockels electro-optic effects, and how those can assign a new sensing dimension to optical fibers, transducing external electric fields into visible minute disturbances in the guided light. The proposed sensing configuration, electro-optical time domain reflectometry, is validated both theoretically and experimentally, showing experimental second-order and third-order nonlinear coefficients, respectively, of χ(2) ~ 0.27 × 10−12 m/V and χ(3) ~ 2.5 × 10−22 m2/V2 for silica fibers.

Flexible porphyrin doped polymer optical fibers for rapid and remote detection of trace DNT vapor

The Analyst ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 145 (15) ◽  
pp. 5307-5313
Author(s):  
Huan Lin ◽  
Xin Cheng ◽  
Ming-Jie Yin ◽  
Zhouzhou Bao ◽  
Xunbin Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Remote Detection ◽  
Polymer Optical Fiber ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Polymer Optical Fibers ◽  
Doped Polymer

A flexible porphyrin doped polymer optical fiber was developed for fast and highly sensitive monitoring of DNT vapors.

Smart Structure Based on Continuous Optical Fiber Sensing Technique (Review)

2011 ◽  
Vol 71-78 ◽  
pp. 4138-4141
Author(s):  
Wen Cheng Jin ◽  
Juan Wan ◽  
Qing Rong Ding ◽  
Chang Dong Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fiber ◽  
High Precision ◽  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
Signal Analysis ◽  
Continuous Measurement ◽  
Smart Structure ◽  
Fiber Sensing ◽  
Key Technologies ◽  
Optical Fiber Sensing

Continuous optical fiber sensing technique has the advantages of continuous measurement, corrosion preventing, anti-electromagnetic interference and high precision. This paper integrates continuous optical fiber into smart structure system. It combines the advantages of continuous optical fibers with self-adapting function of smart structures. It may have wide uses in engineering. But it is developing. It has some key technologies to be solved, such as the manufacture and embedment technique of special optical fibers, optimized arrangements of fibers, smart identification of the signal, analysis processing for enormous data and realization of self-adapting function.

scholarly journals Comparative Experimental Study of a High-Temperature Raman-Based Distributed Optical Fiber Sensor with Different Special Fibers

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Laarossi ◽  
María Quintela-Incera ◽  
José López-Higuera
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Optical Fiber Sensor ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Fiber Sensor ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Distributed Optical Fiber Sensor ◽  
Distributed Optical Fiber

An experimental study of a high temperature distributed optical fiber sensor based on Raman Optical-Time-Domain-Reflectometry (ROTDR) (up to 450 °C) and optical fibers with different coatings (polyimide/carbon, copper, aluminum and gold) is presented. Analysis of the distributed temperature sensor (DTS) measurements determined the most appropriate optical fiber to be used in high temperature industrial environment over long periods of time. To demonstrate the feasibility of this DTS for an industrial application, an optical cable was designed with the appropriate optical fiber and it was hermetically sealed to provide the required mechanical resistance and isolate the fiber from environmental degradations. This cable was used to measure temperature up to 360 °C of an industrial furnace during 7 days.

scholarly journals An Optical Fiber Chemical Sensor for the Detection of Copper(II) in Drinking Water

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (23) ◽  
pp. 5246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pesavento ◽  
Profumo ◽  
Merli ◽  
Cucca ◽  
Zeni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Chemical Sensor ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Self Assembled Monolayer ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Selective Sensor

Highly sensitive plasmonic optical fiber platforms combined with receptors have been recently used to obtain selective sensors. A low-cost configuration can be obtained exploiting a D-shaped plastic optical fiber covered with a multilayer sensing surface. The multilayer consists of a gold film, functionalized with a specific receptor, where the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) occurs. The signal is produced by the refractive index variation occurring as a consequence of the receptor-to analyte binding. In this work, a selective sensor for copper(II) detection in drinking water, exploiting a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of d,l-penicillamine as the sensing layer, has been developed and tested. Different concentrations of copper(II) in NaCl 0.1 M solutions at different pH values and in a real matrix (drinking water) have been considered. The results show that the sensor is able to sense copper(II) at concentrations ranging from 4 × 10-6 M to 2 × 10-4 M. The use of this optical chemical sensor is a very attractive perspective for fast, in situ and low-cost detection of Cu(II) in drinking water for human health concerns. Furthermore, the possibility of remote control is feasible as well, because optical fibers are employed.

Monitoring Axial Strain in Synthetic Fiber Mooring Ropes Using Polymeric Optical Fibers

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Barton Smith ◽  
Jerry G. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Axial Strain ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Synthetic Fiber ◽  
Load Path ◽  
Integrity Test ◽  
Reliable Technique ◽  
Polymeric Optical Fibers

Synthetic fiber ropes constructed of polyester are providing an important new technology for mooring deep-water drilling and production platforms. Considerable effort is being directed toward advancing and qualifying this enabling and cost-effective technology. To date, synthetic fiber mooring ropes have been successfully deployed in Brazil and they have seen limited service in the Gulf of Mexico. Synthetic fiber mooring ropes have high strength-to-weight ratios and possess adequate stiffness, but they are much more susceptible to damage than their steel counterparts. Future safe deployment of synthetic fiber mooring ropes would be significantly enhanced if a reliable technique were available to monitor the performance of the ropes in service and thus provide an early warning of the loss of structural integrity. Test data in the open literature indicates that the strain in the rope at failure is essentially a constant independent of load path or history. Measurement of the accumulated strain in the rope should thus provide a reliable benchmark with which to estimate the remaining life and establish criteria for rope recertification or retirement. This paper discusses the results of research and development activities aimed at developing a reliable, robust method for monitoring strain in braided and twisted strand Synthetic Fiber Mooring Ropes [1]. The strain transducer is a polymeric optical fiber, integrated into the mooring rope and interrogated with Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) to measure changes in its length as the optical fiber and rope are stressed. The method provides a direct measurement of large axial strains. Strains measured in polymeric optical fibers exhibit good one-to-one correlation with applied strains within the test range studied (10% or less, typically). The integrated polymeric optical fiber has been shown to withstand large numbers of repeated cycles to high strains without failure and to accurately track the hysteresis exhibited by polyester rope. Results are reported for tests conducted with polymeric optical fibers integrated into typical mooring rope elements.

Electrically Assisted Aerosol Reactors using Ring Electrodes

1998 ◽  
Vol 520 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Briesen ◽  
A. Fuhrmann ◽  
S. E. Pratsinis
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Electrical Fields ◽  
Synthesis Of Nanoparticles ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Electrically Assisted ◽  
Aerosol Reactors ◽  
Electrostatic Dispersion

ABSTRACTNanostructured materials have distinctly different properties than the bulk because the number of atoms or molecules on their surface is comparable to that inside the particles creating a number of new materials and applications. Despite this potential for nanoparticles, very few practical applications have been developed because of the current high cost of these materials ($100/lb). On the other hand, flame aerosol reactors are routinely used for inexpensive production (∼$1/lb) of submicron sized commodities such as carbon blacks, pigmentary titania, fumed silica and preforms for optical fibers in telecommunications. Flame technology can be used also for synthesis of nanoparticles with precisely controlled characteristics. In these reactors, gas mixing is used to widely control the primary particle size and crystallinity of product powders while electric fields can be used to narrowly control the primary, and aggregate particle size and crystallinity. Here the application of axial electrical fields on a silica producing flame using hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDS) as precursor is presented. Experiments varying the precursor delivery rate corresponding to total production rates of 10, 20 and 30 g/h are presented. Electric fields decreased the particle size by electrostatic dispersion and repulsion of charged particles and by the reduced particle residence time inside the flame.

Optical Fiber-Based Wave Mixing as a Convenient and Sensitive Laser Analytical Tool for Condensed-Phase Analytes

1998 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 763-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon A. Nunes ◽  
William G. Tong
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Condensed Phase ◽  
Spectroscopic Method ◽  
Spectroscopic Technique ◽  
Wave Mixing ◽  
Small Probe ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Optical Alignment

A fiber-optic degenerate four-wave mixing (D4WM) probe for the measurement of small absorptions in liquid-phase samples is described. Laser D4WM is a nonlinear laser spectroscopic technique that has proven to be highly sensitive for the detection of trace analytes in condensed-phase media. A significant improvement in the forward-scattering optical arrangement of D4WM is demonstrated by using optical fibers for both laser light input and output. There is considerable flexibility inherent in the design since the system may be used in three configurations: (1) the simplest case of transmitting the signal radiation by optical fiber to the detection electronics, (2) the case of guiding the excitation beams to the analyte by polarization-maintaining optical fibers, and (3) the combination of both. The optical fiber-based D4WM system is shown to be an effective and sensitive laser analytical spectroscopic method for trace analysis, offering advantages such as detection in very small probe volumes, remote and in situ analysis, and convenient and efficient optical alignment enhancements obtained by the use of optical fibers.

Stress Analysis of Composite Material Embedded with Optical Fiber Sensor

2006 ◽  
Vol 326-328 ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
Shiuh Chuan Her ◽  
Bo Ren Yao
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
Optical Fiber Sensor ◽  
Local Stress ◽  
Smart Structure ◽  
Fiber Optic Sensor ◽  
Host Material ◽  
Concentric Cylinders ◽  
Host Structure

Fiber optic sensor with small size, light weight and immunity to electromagnetic interference can be embedded and integrated into the host material to form a smart structure system. One must recognize that optical fibers are foreign entities to the host structure, therefore will alter the stress state in the vicinity of the embedded sensor irrespective of the small size of the fiber. This is a result of the material and geometric discontinuity introduced by the embedded optical fiber. In this study, the local stress fields in the vicinity of the embedded fiber are examined. The host material is considered to be a composite with reinforced fiber parallel to the optical fiber. The geometry in the vicinity of the embedded fiber is modeled by four concentric cylinders which represent the optical fiber, protective coating, resin and host material, respectively. In this investigation, the host structure is subjected to longitudinal normal stress and transverse hydro-static stress. The effects of the coating and host material on the stress distribution in the vicinity of the embedded optical fiber are presented through a parametric study.

Incorporating Optical Fiber Sensors into Fabrics

2005 ◽  
Vol 870 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dhawan ◽  
T. K. Ghosh ◽  
J. F. Muth
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Optical Fiber Sensors ◽  
Fiber Sensors ◽  
Nonwoven Fabrics ◽  
Micron Diameter ◽  
Environmental Robustness ◽  
Alternative Processes

Optical fiber sensors have many attractive attributes including high sensitivity, environmental robustness, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and the ability to be remotely interrogated. Furthermore, by incorporating optical fibers into woven and nonwoven fabrics these sensors can be distributed across large areas. In woven optical fibers, microscopic bending is an issue due to the fibers going over and under the yarns. Microscopic and macroscopic bending losses are quantified by placing optical fibers on frames of different radii of curvature and measuring the loss of transmitted light. As an example of the non-woven process, electrospinning was used to overlay a net of sub-micron diameter fibers over the optical fibers. This protects the optical fiber, holds it in place, while still permitting flexibility. To form chemical sensors, standard telecommunications grade optical fibers were tapered such that the evanescent wave extended into the environment. Coating the fibers with a thin layer of gold then permits surface plasmon sensors to be formed. However, the resulting sensors were very fragile and hard to place into fabrics. As a result alternative processes were developed that form fiber structures that are robust enough to withstand textile manufacturing processes yet still allow interaction with the environment.

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