Determination of the Influence of Mechanical Properties of Capsules and Seeds on the Susceptibility to Feeding of Mononychus pubctumalbum in Endangered Plant Species Iris aphylla L. and Iris sibirica L.

The aim of the study was to determine the correlation between the mechanical resistance of iris seed capsules and seeds to Mononychus punctumalbum foraging. The principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated that the first main component referred to the variety type in 68%, and the second main component described the stage of the ontogenetic development of the plant in 26%. As indicated by the values of each parameter measured, all the parameters were found to exert a strong impact on the variability of the analyzed system. The occurrence of weevil infestation was also strongly but negatively correlated with seed wall thickness and capsule wall thickness. There was a correlation of seed max load and seed mass with the occurrence of the weevil. The analysis of the mechanical resistance of iris seed capsules (in June 9.28 N and September 6.27 N for I. sibirica and in June 6.59 N and September 2.94 N for I. aphylla) and seeds (in June 15.97 N and September 344.90 N for I. sibirica and in June 16.60 N and September 174.46 N for I. aphylla) showed significant differences between the terms and species. The PCA analysis revealed that the first variable was correlated with the occurrence of weevil foraging.

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Characteristic of meat colour of different duck populations

Archives Animal Breeding ◽

10.5194/aab-52-527-2009 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 52 (5) ◽

pp. 527-537

Author(s):

G. Haraf ◽

J. Książkiewicz ◽

J. Wołoszyn ◽

A. Okruszek

Keyword(s):

Principal Component ◽

Pca Analysis ◽

Point Scale ◽

Colour Difference ◽

Colour Intensity ◽

Sensory Panel ◽

Colour Variation ◽

Colour Parameters ◽

L Value

Abstract. Out of 6 conservative flocks (Khaki Campbell – Kh1, Orpington – O1, Miniducks – K2, Polish Pekin – P33, Pekin originated from Danish – P8 and cross-breeds in Pekin type – SB) 60 female ducks were used for comparison (10 ducks in each group). Birds were slaughtered at 7 week of age. The investigation of breast muscles covers: determination of the colour parameters L* (lightness), a* (redness), b* (yellowness), C (saturation), ho (hue) and ΔE (colour difference), total haem pigments’ content (THP) including myoglobin (Mb), oxymyoglobin (MbO2) and metmyoglobin (MMb) content. Sensory evaluation of raw muscles’ colour intensity in 10 point scale and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of all measured parameters were also performed. Low THP and MbO2 were shown by Kh1 and P33 (THP: 3.79 and 3.74 mg/g, MbO2: 2.32 and 2.46 mg/g respectively). They were also characterized by the highest L* value of the all flocks (45.27 and 44.25 respectively) (P≤0.01, P≤0.05). The Kh1 was evaluated by the sensory panel as the lightest (5.01 conventional units [CU]) (P≤0.01). However P8 and K2 were assessed as darker than Kh1 and P33 (6.12 and 6.22 CU vs. 5.01 and 5.71 CU) (P≤0.01, P≤0.05) and also had significantly higher pigments content (4.48 and 4.57 mg/g respectively) (P≤0.01). Additionally K2 was characterized by the highest MMb content (0.48 mg/g) (P≤0.01), but this value is below the level that makes the colour undesirable. The ΔE values between flocks were in the 1.02–2.86 range. With just few exceptions, flocks with ΔE value higher than 2, differed significantly in pigments content, L* parameter, and sensory panel scores. As regards the obtained results Kh1 and P33 appeared significantly lighter than P8 and K2. Kh1 and P33 had lower pigments content, higher L* value and were assessed by a sensory panel as having lower colour intensity than P8 and K2. PCA analysis confirmed ANOVA results and also indicated large total colour variation of the samples within breeds except of O1 muscles.

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Factor analysis of the urban habitats classification on the example of the Sverdlovsk district of Irkutsk city

10.35688/2413-8452-2019-03-002 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 12-19

Author(s):

Martynova A.E. ◽

Solodyankina S.V.

Keyword(s):

Habitat Type ◽

Principal Component ◽

Hierarchical Level ◽

Urban Greening ◽

Principal Component Method ◽

Habitat Classification ◽

Object Of Study ◽

Main Component ◽

The City

The habitats typification was made using the European Habitat Classification System EUNIS (European Nature Information System) for the Sverdlovsk District of the city of Irkutsk. The object of study is divided into 676 plots with QGIS software. Geobotanical descriptions were carried out for some of them. Six parameters were determined which influence to the configuration and the functioning of habitats: 1) the presence of urban greening (the ratio of the area with vegetation cover to the total area of the plot); 2) paving (the ratio of the area of artificial surfaces to the total area of the plot); 3) soil outcrops (the ratio of the area of barrens to the total area of the plot); 4) the presence of surface water (the ratio of the area of water bodies to the total area of the plot); 5) location heights and 6) slope steepness obtained for each section according to SRTM data. Analysis of the data by the principal component method showed that the greatest influence on the determination of the EUNIS habitat type of the first hierarchical level is exerted by the parameters of greenery, paving (the first main component) and slope (the second component). Evaluation of the results of classification by the method of the discriminant analysis showed that it is 51.5% attributable to these variables, and the rest is described by other factors.

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THYMUS VARIABILITY IN WHITE RATS EXPOSED TO FORMALDEHYDE

Ulyanovsk Medico-biological Journal ◽

10.34014/2227-1848-2019-2-105-116 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 105-116

Author(s):

V.N. Voloshin ◽

I.S. Voloshina ◽

I.Yu. Vash

Keyword(s):

White Male ◽

Principal Component ◽

Middle Part ◽

Procrustes Analysis ◽

Male Rats ◽

Canonical Variables ◽

Generalized Procrustes Analysis ◽

White Rats ◽

Main Component ◽

Formaldehyde Inhalation

The aim of the paper is to study thymus variability in white rats, which were exposed to formaldehyde, and to compare these data with the indicators in control animals. Materials and Methods. The trial enrolled 72 white male rats, initial body weight 40–50 g. The animals were divided into 2 groups (36 rats in each). The first group consisted of control rats. Animals of the second group were exposed to formaldehyde inhalation, 2.766 mg/m3. To characterize the variability of the organ size, centroids were determined. The superposition of landmark configurations was performed using the generalized Procrustes analysis method, MorphoJ 1.06d program. The principal component analysis and canonical analysis of the obtained data were carried out. Results. One-Way ANOVA revealed a high level of intergroup differences in Procrust distance (F=1.34; p<0.0001). The significant effect of the duration of formaldehyde exposure on centroid size was established. The Kruskal-Wallis criterion was 19.778 (p=0.0014). The analysis of the principal components indicated that each of the first 10 components stands for more than 1 % of Procrustes coordinate variance. In this case, the first 7 components compatibly explain 91.398 % of thymus variability. The proportion of the first main component to the total variance of the Procrustes coordinates is 40.236 %. PC1 (-) shows changes in the thymus shape, mostly affecting the tops of its lobes, the middle part of the right boundary and the entire left thymus boundary. The scattering ellipses of the thymus ordinates in rats exposed to formaldehyde, in the first two canonical variables are located higher than those in the control animals. Conclusion. Formaldehyde inhalation leads to thymus changes in white rat. The most significant differences with control data are determined along the second canonical variable. Keywords: thymus, form, rat, formaldehyde, geometric morphometry. Цель. Изучение изменчивости формы тимуса белых крыс, находившихся в условиях влияния формальдегида, и сравнение этих данных с показателями, полученными у контрольных животных. Материалы и методы. Работа выполнена на 72 белых крысах-самцах с начальной массой тела 40–50 г. Животные были разделены на 2 серии (по 36 крыс). Первую серию составляли контрольные крысы. Животные второй серии подвергались ингаляционному воздействию формальдегида (ФА) в концентрации 2,766 мг/м3. Для характеристики изменчивости размеров органов определяли размер их центроидов. Процедуру суперимпозиции конфигураций ландмарок выполняли методом генерализованного прокрустова анализа с использованием программы MorphoJ 1.06d. Проводили анализ главных компонент и канонический анализ полученных данных. Результаты. Однофакторный дисперсионный анализ выявил высокий уровень межгрупповых различий по показателю прокрустовых расстояний (F=1,34; р<0,0001). Установлено значительное влияние продолжительности нахождения животных в условиях воздействия ФА на размер центроида. Критерий Краскела–Уоллиса составил 19,778 (р=0,0014). Анализ главных компонент указывал на то, что каждая из первых 10 компонент объясняет более 1 % дисперсии прокрустовых координат. При этом первые 7 компонент совместно объясняют 91,398 % изменчивости формы тимуса. Вклад первой главной компоненты в общую дисперсию прокрустовых координат составляет 40,236 %. РС1 (–) показывает изменения формы тимуса, в большей степени затрагивающие верхушки его долей, среднюю часть правого контура и весь левый контур тимуса. Эллипсы рассеивания ординат тимусов, принадлежащих крысам, подвергавшимся влиянию ФА, в пространстве первых двух канонических переменных расположены выше по отношению к таковым контрольных животных. Заключение. Ингаляционное воздействие формальдегида приводит к изменению формы тимуса белых крыс. Наибольшие различия с контрольными данными определяются вдоль второй канонической переменной. Ключевые слова: тимус, форма, крыса, формальдегид, геометрическая морфометрия.

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Application of Derivative, Derivative Ratio, and Multivariate Spectral Analysis and Thin-Layer Chomatography-Densitometry for Determination of a Ternary Mixture Containing Drotaverine Hydrochloride, Caffeine, and Paracetamol

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.1093/jaoac/90.2.391 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 90 (2) ◽

pp. 391-404 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Fadia H Metwally ◽

Yasser S El-Saharty ◽

Mohamed Refaat ◽

Sonia Z El-Khateeb

Keyword(s):

Thin Layer ◽

Least Squares ◽

Ternary Mixture ◽

Principal Component Regression ◽

Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽

Principal Component ◽

Standard Addition ◽

Drotaverine Hydrochloride ◽

Assay Precision

Abstract New selective, precise, and accurate methods are described for the determination of a ternary mixture containing drotaverine hydrochloride (I), caffeine (II), and paracetamol (III). The first method uses the first (D1) and third (D3) derivative spectrophotometry at 331 and 315 nm for the determination of (I) and (III), respectively, without interference from (II). The second method depends on the simultaneous use of the first derivative of the ratio spectra (DD1) with measurement at 312.4 nm for determination of (I) using the spectrum of 40 μg/mL (III) as a divisor or measurement at 286.4 and 304 nm after using the spectrum of 4 μg/mL (I) as a divisor for the determination of (II) and (III), respectively. In the third method, the predictive abilities of the classical least-squares, principal component regression, and partial least-squares were examined for the simultaneous determination of the ternary mixture. The last method depends on thin-layer chromatography-densitometry after separation of the mixture on silica gel plates using ethyl acetatechloroformmethanol (16 + 3 + 1, v/v/v) as the mobile phase. The spots were scanned at 281, 272, and 248 nm for the determination of (I), (II), and (III), respectively. Regression analysis showed good correlation in the selected ranges with excellent percentage recoveries. The chemical variables affecting the analytical performance of the methodology were studied and optimized. The methods showed no significant interferences from excipients. Intraday and interday assay precision and accuracy values were within regulatory limits. The suggested procedures were checked using laboratory-prepared mixtures and were successfully applied for the analysis of their pharmaceutical preparations. The validity of the proposed methods was further assessed by applying a standard addition technique. The results obtained by applying the proposed methods were statistically analyzed and compared with those obtained by the manufacturer's method.

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Multivariate Analysis Aided Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (MVA-SERS) Multiplex Quantitative Detection of Trace Fentanyl in Illicit Drug Mixtures Using a Handheld Raman Spectrometer

Applied Spectroscopy ◽

10.1177/00037028211032930 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 000370282110329

Author(s):

Ling Wang ◽

Mario O. Vendrell-Dones ◽

Chiara Deriu ◽

Sevde Doğruer ◽

Peter de B. Harrington ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raman Spectroscopy ◽

Principal Component ◽

Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy ◽

Quantitative Detection ◽

Least Squares Regression ◽

Surface Enhanced ◽

Surface Enhanced Raman ◽

Sers Detection ◽

Current Screening

Recently there has been upsurge in reports that illicit seizures of cocaine and heroin have been adulterated with fentanyl. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) provides a useful alternative to current screening procedures that permits detection of trace levels of fentanyl in mixtures. Samples are solubilized and allowed to interact with aggregated colloidal nanostars to produce a rapid and sensitive assay. In this study, we present the quantitative determination of fentanyl in heroin and cocaine using SERS, using a point-and-shoot handheld Raman system. Our protocol is optimized to detect pure fentanyl down to 0.20 ± 0.06 ng/mL and can also distinguish pure cocaine and heroin at ng/mL levels. Multiplex analysis of mixtures is enabled by combining SERS detection with principal component analysis and super partial least squares regression discriminate analysis (SPLS-DA), which allow for the determination of fentanyl as low as 0.05% in simulated seized heroin and 0.10% in simulated seized cocaine samples.

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Possibility of Human Gender Recognition Using Raman Spectra of Teeth

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26133983 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (13) ◽

pp. 3983

Author(s):

Ozren Gamulin ◽

Marko Škrabić ◽

Kristina Serec ◽

Matej Par ◽

Marija Baković ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raman Spectra ◽

Principal Component ◽

Support Vector ◽

Gender Recognition ◽

Proof Of Concept ◽

Male And Female ◽

Tooth Type ◽

Tooth Apex ◽

The Difference

Gender determination of the human remains can be very challenging, especially in the case of incomplete ones. Herein, we report a proof-of-concept experiment where the possibility of gender recognition using Raman spectroscopy of teeth is investigated. Raman spectra were recorded from male and female molars and premolars on two distinct sites, tooth apex and anatomical neck. Recorded spectra were sorted into suitable datasets and initially analyzed with principal component analysis, which showed a distinction between spectra of male and female teeth. Then, reduced datasets with scores of the first 20 principal components were formed and two classification algorithms, support vector machine and artificial neural networks, were applied to form classification models for gender recognition. The obtained results showed that gender recognition with Raman spectra of teeth is possible but strongly depends both on the tooth type and spectrum recording site. The difference in classification accuracy between different tooth types and recording sites are discussed in terms of the molecular structure difference caused by the influence of masticatory loading or gender-dependent life events.

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Full spectrum and genetic algorithm-selected spectrum-based chemometric methods for simultaneous determination of azilsartan medoxomil, chlorthalidone, and azilsartan: Development, validation, and application on commercial dosage form

Open Chemistry ◽

10.1515/chem-2021-0022 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 205-213

Author(s):

Hany W. Darwish ◽

Abdulrahman A. Al Majed ◽

Ibrahim A. Al-Suwaidan ◽

Ibrahim A. Darwish ◽

Ahmed H. Bakheit ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Algorithm ◽

Simultaneous Determination ◽

Predictive Power ◽

Principal Component Regression ◽

Selection Procedure ◽

Principal Component ◽

Chemometric Methods ◽

Full Spectrum ◽

Azilsartan Medoxomil

Abstract Five various chemometric methods were established for the simultaneous determination of azilsartan medoxomil (AZM) and chlorthalidone in the presence of azilsartan which is the core impurity of AZM. The full spectrum-based chemometric techniques, namely partial least squares (PLS), principal component regression, and artificial neural networks (ANN), were among the applied methods. Besides, the ANN and PLS were the other two methods that were extended by genetic algorithm procedure (GA-PLS and GA-ANN) as a wavelength selection procedure. The models were developed by applying a multilevel multifactor experimental design. The predictive power of the suggested models was evaluated through a validation set containing nine mixtures with different ratios of the three analytes. For the analysis of Edarbyclor® tablets, all the proposed procedures were applied and the best results were achieved in the case of ANN, GA-ANN, and GA-PLS methods. The findings of the three methods were revealed as the quantitative tool for the analysis of the three components without any intrusion from the co-formulated excipient and without prior separation procedures. Moreover, the GA impact on strengthening the predictive power of ANN- and PLS-based models was also highlighted.

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Determination of Agarwood oil’s significant chemical compounds using principal component analysis

10.1063/5.0035224 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mohamad Hushnie Haron ◽

Mohd Nasir Taib ◽

Nurlaila Ismail ◽

Nor Azah Mohd Ali ◽

Saiful Nizam Tajuddin

Keyword(s):

Principal Component Analysis ◽

Principal Component ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Component Analysis ◽

Significant Chemical

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Determination of posterolateral oropharyngeal wall thickness and the potential implications for transoral surgical margins in tonsil cancer

Head & Neck ◽

10.1002/hed.26693 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Courtney M. Tomblinson ◽

Geoffrey P. Fletcher ◽

Leland S. Hu ◽

Lanyu Mi ◽

Brittany E. Howard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wall Thickness ◽

Surgical Margins ◽

Tonsil Cancer

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Simultaneous determination of various platycosides in Four Platycodon grandiflorum cultivars by UPLC-QTOF/MS

Applied Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1186/s13765-019-0457-x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dae Young Lee ◽

Bo-Ram Choi ◽

Jae Won Lee ◽

Yurry Um ◽

Dahye Yoon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Principal Component ◽

Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽

Platycodon Grandiflorum ◽

Pentacyclic Triterpenoid ◽

Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽

Platycodi Radix ◽

Isomeric Pairs ◽

Different Levels

Abstract In Platycodi Radix (root of Platycodon grandiflorum), there are a number of platycosides that consist of a pentacyclic triterpenoid aglycone and two sugar moieties. Due to the pharmacological activities of platycosides, it is critical to assess their contents in PR, and develop an effective method to profile various platycosides is required. In this study, an analytical method based on ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) with an in-house library was developed and applied to profile various platycosides from four different Platycodi Radix cultivars. As a result, platycosides, including six isomeric pairs, were successfully analyzed in the PRs. In the principal component analysis, several platycosides were represented as main variables to differentiate the four Platycodi Radix cultivars. Their different levels of platycosides were also represented by relative quantification. Finally, this study indicated the proposed method based on the UPLC-QTOF/MS can be an effective tool for identifying the detail characterization of various platycosides in the Platycodi Radix.

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