scholarly journals Mapping of Agricultural Subsurface Drainage Systems Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Imagery and Ground Penetrating Radar

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2800
Author(s):  
Triven Koganti ◽  
Ehsan Ghane ◽  
Luis Rene Martinez ◽  
Bo V. Iversen ◽  
Barry J. Allred
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Subsurface Drainage ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Ground Penetrating

Agricultural subsurface drainage systems are commonly installed on farmland to remove the excess water from poorly drained soils. Conventional methods for drainage mapping such as tile probes and trenching equipment are laborious, cause pipe damage, and are often inefficient to apply at large spatial scales. Knowledge of locations of an existing drainage network is crucial to understand the increased leaching and offsite release of drainage discharge and to retrofit the new drain lines within the existing drainage system. Recent technological developments in non-destructive techniques might provide a potential alternative solution. The objective of this study was to determine the suitability of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery collected using three different cameras (visible-color, multispectral, and thermal infrared) and ground penetrating radar (GPR) for subsurface drainage mapping. Both the techniques are complementary in terms of their usage, applicability, and the properties they measure and were applied at four different sites in the Midwest USA. At Site-1, both the UAV imagery and GPR were equally successful across the entire field, while at Site-2, the UAV imagery was successful in one section of the field, and GPR proved to be useful in the other section where the UAV imagery failed to capture the drainage pipes’ location. At Site-3, less to no success was observed in finding the drain lines using UAV imagery captured on bare ground conditions, whereas good success was achieved using GPR. Conversely, at Site-4, the UAV imagery was successful and GPR failed to capture the drainage pipes’ location. Although UAV imagery seems to be an attractive solution for mapping agricultural subsurface drainage systems as it is cost-effective and can cover large field areas, the results suggest the usefulness of GPR to complement the former as both a mapping and validation technique. Hence, this case study compares and contrasts the suitability of both the methods, provides guidance on the optimal survey timing, and recommends their combined usage given both the technologies are available to deploy for drainage mapping purposes.

scholarly journals New Understanding of Bar Top Hollows in Dryland Sandy Braided Rivers from Outcrops with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and Ground Penetrating Radar Surveys

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 560
Author(s):  
Xianguo Zhang ◽  
Chengyan Lin ◽  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Daowu Huang ◽  
Derong Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Co2 Storage ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Basal Surface ◽  
Depositional Sequence ◽  
Braided Rivers ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Ground Penetrating

Bar top hollows (BTHs) are morphological elements recognized in modern braided rivers; however, information regarding their depositional features and types of filling units in ancient strata is unclear. This is an important reason behind why it is difficult to identify BTH units in subsurface reservoirs. A Middle Jurassic dryland sandy braided river outcrop in northwestern China is characterized in this study through the application of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) surveying and mapping, and ground penetrating radar (GPR). A workflow of UAV data processing has been established, and a 3D digital outcrop model has been built. By observation and measurement of the outcrop model and GPR profiles, two types of BTH filled units were found: (a) sandstone-filled, and (b) mudstone-filled hollows. Both of these units were located between two adjacent bar units in an area that is limited to a compound bar, and were developed in the upper part of a braided bar depositional sequence. The ellipse-shaped, sandstone-filled unit measures 10 m × 27 m in map view and reaches a maximum thickness of 5 m. The transversal cross-section across the BTHs displays a concave upward basal surface, while the angle of the inclined structures infilling the BTHs decreases up-section. The GPR data show that, in the longitudinal profile, the basal surface is relatively flat, and low-angle, inclined layers can be observed in the lower- and middle part of the sandstone-filled BTHs. In contrast, no obvious depositional structures were observed in the mudstone-filled BTH in outcrop. The new understanding of BTH has a wide application, including the optimization of CO2 storage sites, fresh water aquifers exploration, and oil and gas reservoir characterization.

scholarly journals Mapping of Agricultural Subsurface Drainage Systems Using a Frequency-Domain Ground Penetrating Radar and Evaluating Its Performance Using a Single-Frequency Multi-Receiver Electromagnetic Induction Instrument

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Triven Koganti ◽  
Ellen Van De Vijver ◽  
Barry J. Allred ◽  
Mogens H. Greve ◽  
Jørgen Ringgaard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Electromagnetic Induction ◽  
Subsurface Drainage ◽  
Single Frequency ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
3D Gpr ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Emi Sensor

Subsurface drainage systems remove excess water from the soil profile thereby improving crop yields in poorly drained farmland. Knowledge of the position of the buried drain lines is important: 1) to improve understanding of leaching and offsite release of nutrients and pesticides, and 2) for the installation of a new set of drain lines between the old ones for enhanced soil water removal efficiency. Traditional methods of drainage mapping involve the use of tile probes and trenching equipment. While these can be effective, they are also time-consuming, labor-intensive, and invasive, thereby entailing an inherent risk of damaging the drainpipes. Non-invasive geophysical soil sensors provide a potential alternative solution. Previous research has focused on the use of time-domain ground penetrating radar (GPR), with variable success depending on local soil and hydrological conditions and the central frequency of the specific equipment employed. The objectives of this study were 1) to test the use of a stepped-frequency continuous wave (SFCW) 3D-GPR (GeoScope Mk IV 3D-Radar with DXG1820 antenna array) for subsurface drainage mapping, and 2) to evaluate the performance of a 3D-GPR with the use of a single-frequency multi-receiver electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor (DUALEM) in-combination. The 3D-GPR system offers more flexibility for application to different (sub)surface conditions due to the coverage of wide frequency bandwidth. The EMI sensor simultaneously provides information about the apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) for different soil volumes, corresponding to different depths. This sensor combination was evaluated on twelve different study sites with various soil types with textures ranging from sand to clay till. While the 3-D GPR showed a high success rate in finding the drainpipes at five sites (sandy, sandy loam, loamy sand, and organic topsoils), the results at the other seven sites were less successful due to limited penetration depth (PD) of the 3D-GPR signal. The results suggest that the electrical conductivity estimates produced by the inversion of ECa data measured by the DUALEM sensor could be a useful proxy to explain the success achieved by the 3D-GPR in finding the drain lines. The high attenuation of electromagnetic waves in highly conductive media limiting the PD of the 3D-GPR can explain the findings obtained in this research.

scholarly journals Remote Sensing Materials for a Preliminary Archaeological Evaluation of the Giove Countryside (Terni, Italy)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pier Matteo Barone ◽  
Elizabeth Wueste ◽  
Richard Hodges
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
American University ◽  
Archaeological Prospection ◽  
Tiber River ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
University Of Rome ◽  
Ground Penetrating

A collaboration between the American University of Rome, the Municipality of Giove, and Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio dellʼUmbria has resulted in an academic project aimed at a preliminary evaluation of a particular area along the Tiber river that straddles the border between Umbria and Lazio. Archaeological prospection methods, such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based remote sensing, ground-penetrating radar (GPR), and photogrammetry, have made it possible to better study the landscape with respect to not only the changes the area has undergone recently, but also its evolution during the Roman and Medieval periods, while keeping the main communication route represented by the Tiber river as its fulcrum.

scholarly journals Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging System for Landmine Detection Using a Ground Penetrating Radar on Board a Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

IEEE Access ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 45100-45112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Garcia Fernandez ◽  
Yuri Alvarez Lopez ◽  
Ana Arboleya Arboleya ◽  
Borja Gonzalez Valdes ◽  
Yolanda Rodriguez Vaqueiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Aperture Radar ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Radar Imaging ◽  
Landmine Detection ◽  
Synthetic Aperture ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Aperture Radar

scholarly journals Mapping of Agricultural Subsurface Drainage Systems Using a Frequency-Domain Ground Penetrating Radar and Evaluating Its Performance Using a Single-Frequency Multi-Receiver Electromagnetic Induction Instrument

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 3922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Triven Koganti ◽  
Ellen Van De Vijver ◽  
Barry J. Allred ◽  
Mogens H. Greve ◽  
Jørgen Ringgaard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Electromagnetic Induction ◽  
Subsurface Drainage ◽  
Single Frequency ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
3D Gpr ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Emi Sensor

Subsurface drainage systems are commonly used to remove surplus water from the soil profile of a poorly drained farmland. Traditional methods for drainage mapping involve the use of tile probes and trenching equipment that are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and invasive, thereby entailing an inherent risk of damaging the drainpipes. Effective and efficient methods are needed in order to map the buried drain lines: (1) to comprehend the processes of leaching and offsite release of nutrients and pesticides and (2) for the installation of a new set of drain lines between the old ones to enhance the soil water removal. Non-invasive geophysical soil sensors provide a potential alternative solution. Previous research has mainly showcased the use of time-domain ground penetrating radar, with variable success, depending on local soil and hydrological conditions and the central frequency of the specific equipment used. The objectives of this study were: (1) to test the use of a stepped-frequency continuous wave three-dimensional ground penetrating radar (3D-GPR) with a wide antenna array for subsurface drainage mapping and (2) to evaluate its performance with the use of a single-frequency multi-receiver electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor in-combination. This sensor combination was evaluated on twelve different study sites with various soil types with textures ranging from sand to clay till. While the 3D-GPR showed a high success rate in finding the drainpipes at five sites (sandy, sandy loam, loamy sand, and organic topsoils), the results at the other seven sites were less successful due to the limited penetration depth of the 3D-GPR signal. The results suggest that the electrical conductivity estimates produced by the inversion of apparent electrical conductivity data measured by the EMI sensor could be a useful proxy for explaining the success achieved by the 3D-GPR in finding the drain lines.

scholarly journals Repeated ground-penetrating radar measurements to detect seasonal and annual variations of an englacial conduit network

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Church ◽  
Andreas Bauder ◽  
Melchior Grab ◽  
Cédric Schmelzbach ◽  
Hansruedi Maurer
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Reflection Coefficients ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Impedance Inversion ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Conduit Network ◽  
Subglacial Drainage ◽  
Englacial Drainage

<p>Surface meltwater is routed through the glacier’s interior by englacial drainage systems into the subglacial drainage system. The subglacial drainage system plays an important control on the glacier sliding velocity. Therefore, studying the evolution of englacial drainage systems throughout the melt season is key to understanding how these englacial drainage systems develop, and how they subsequently feed the subglacial drainage system.</p><p>We have conducted 10 repeated ground-penetrating radar using a Sensor & Software pulseEKKO Pro GPR system with 25 MHz antenna between 2012 and 2019 over an englacial conduit network, 90 m below the glacier’s surface, on the Rhonegletscher, Switzerland. These repeated measurements allowed insights into both annual and seasonal changes. We were also able to have direct observations into the englacial conduit network from six boreholes that were drilled in August 2018 using a GeoVISION<sup>TM</sup> Dual-Scan borehole camera.</p><p>The annual results provided evidence that the englacial drainage network developed between 2012 and 2017. The seasonal evolution of the englacial conduit was studied by inverting the GPR data using an impedance inversion. The impedance inversion delivered reflection coefficients, which provides information on the englacial material properties associated with the englacial conduits. The inversion results provide evidence that during the winter season the englacial network is inactive. During June the englacial network becomes active by transporting surface melt water, and it becomes fully active later in the melt season (August). The reflectivity in summer (June-October) is -0.6, indicating the presence of water within the network. In winter (November-May) the reflectivity is around 0 indicating that the system is neither air or water filled and therefore the system physically closes.</p><p>The data processing workflow provided a top and bottom reflection coefficient of the conduit. The travel time between the reflection coefficients can be converted to a thickness when using EM wave velocity of water (from 2018 borehole observations). During the summer months the englacial network is around a quarter wavelength thick (0.3 m), which is approximately the limit of the vertical resolution.</p>

scholarly journals A Novel Electrically Small Ground-Penetrating Radar Patch Antenna with a Parasitic Ring for Respiration Detection

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1930
Author(s):  
Di Shi ◽  
Taimur Aftab ◽  
Gunnar Gidion ◽  
Fatma Sayed ◽  
Leonhard M. Reindl
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Patch Antenna ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Geometric Parameters ◽  
Gas Explosions ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Electromagnetic Characteristics ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Quick Search

An electrically small patch antenna with a low-cost high-permittivity ceramic substrate material for use in a ground-penetrating radar is proposed in this work. The antenna is based on a commercial ceramic 915 MHz patch antenna with a size of 25 × 25 × 4 mm3 and a weight of 12.9 g. The influences of the main geometric parameters on the antenna’s electromagnetic characteristics were comprehensively studied. Three bandwidth improvement techniques were sequentially applied to optimize the antenna: tuning the key geometric parameters, adding cuts on the edges, and adding parasitic radiators. The designed antenna operates at around 1.3 GHz and has more than 40 MHz continuous −3 dB bandwidth. In comparison to the original antenna, the −3 and −6 dB fractional bandwidth is improved by 1.8 times and 4 times, respectively. Two antennas of the proposed design together with a customized radar were installed on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for a quick search for survivors after earthquakes or gas explosions without exposing the rescue staff to the uncertain dangers of moving on the debris.

scholarly journals Review: Cost-Effective Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Platform for Field Plant Breeding Application

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 998 ◽  
Author(s):  
GyuJin Jang ◽  
Jaeyoung Kim ◽  
Ju-Kyung Yu ◽  
Hak-Jin Kim ◽  
Yoonha Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Modern Agriculture ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
High Throughput Phenotyping

Utilization of remote sensing is a new wave of modern agriculture that accelerates plant breeding and research, and the performance of farming practices and farm management. High-throughput phenotyping is a key advanced agricultural technology and has been rapidly adopted in plant research. However, technology adoption is not easy due to cost limitations in academia. This article reviews various commercial unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms as a high-throughput phenotyping technology for plant breeding. It compares known commercial UAV platforms that are cost-effective and manageable in field settings and demonstrates a general workflow for high-throughput phenotyping, including data analysis. The authors expect this article to create opportunities for academics to access new technologies and utilize the information for their research and breeding programs in more workable ways.

scholarly journals Morphological Band Registration of Multispectral Cameras for Water Quality Analysis with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wonkook Kim ◽  
Sunghun Jung ◽  
Yongseon Moon ◽  
Stephen C. Mangum
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Red Tide ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Geometric Transformation ◽  
Concentration Estimation ◽  
Individual Bands ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Impact

Multispectral imagery contains abundant spectral information on terrestrial and oceanic targets, and retrieval of the geophysical variables of the targets is possible when the radiometric integrity of the data is secured. Multispectral cameras typically require the registration of individual band images because their lens locations for individual bands are often displaced from each other, thereby generating images of different viewing angles. Although this type of displacement can be corrected through a geometric transformation of the image coordinates, a mismatch or misregistration between the bands still remains, owing to the image acquisition timing that differs by bands. Even a short time difference is critical for the image quality of fast-moving targets, such as water surfaces, and this type of deformation cannot be compensated for with a geometric transformation between the bands. This study proposes a novel morphological band registration technique, based on the quantile matching method, for which the correspondence between the pixels of different bands is not sought by their geometric relationship, but by the radiometric distribution constructed in the vicinity of the pixel. In this study, a Micasense Rededge-M camera was operated on an unmanned aerial vehicle and multispectral images of coastal areas were acquired at various altitudes to examine the performance of the proposed method for different spatial scales. To assess the impact of the correction on a geophysical variable, the performance of the proposed method was evaluated for the chlorophyll-a concentration estimation. The results showed that the proposed method successfully removed the noisy spatial pattern caused by misregistration while maintaining the original spatial resolution for both homogeneous scenes and an episodic scene with a red tide outbreak.

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