scholarly journals The Deep Learning Solutions on Lossless Compression Methods for Alleviating Data Load on IoT Nodes in Smart Cities

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4223
Author(s):  
Ammar Nasif ◽  
Zulaiha Ali Othman ◽  
Nor Samsiah Sani
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Lossless Compression ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Compression Method ◽  
Compression Algorithms ◽  
Transaction Data ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
Different Types

Networking is crucial for smart city projects nowadays, as it offers an environment where people and things are connected. This paper presents a chronology of factors on the development of smart cities, including IoT technologies as network infrastructure. Increasing IoT nodes leads to increasing data flow, which is a potential source of failure for IoT networks. The biggest challenge of IoT networks is that the IoT may have insufficient memory to handle all transaction data within the IoT network. We aim in this paper to propose a potential compression method for reducing IoT network data traffic. Therefore, we investigate various lossless compression algorithms, such as entropy or dictionary-based algorithms, and general compression methods to determine which algorithm or method adheres to the IoT specifications. Furthermore, this study conducts compression experiments using entropy (Huffman, Adaptive Huffman) and Dictionary (LZ77, LZ78) as well as five different types of datasets of the IoT data traffic. Though the above algorithms can alleviate the IoT data traffic, adaptive Huffman gave the best compression algorithm. Therefore, in this paper, we aim to propose a conceptual compression method for IoT data traffic by improving an adaptive Huffman based on deep learning concepts using weights, pruning, and pooling in the neural network. The proposed algorithm is believed to obtain a better compression ratio. Additionally, in this paper, we also discuss the challenges of applying the proposed algorithm to IoT data compression due to the limitations of IoT memory and IoT processor, which later it can be implemented in IoT networks.

scholarly journals Impact of Misclassification Rates on Compression Efficiency of Red Blood Cell Images of Malaria Infection Using Deep Learning

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhang Dong ◽  
W. David Pan ◽  
Dongsheng Wu
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Lossless Compression ◽  
Compression Method ◽  
Misclassification Rates ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Image Datasets

Malaria is a severe public health problem worldwide, with some developing countries being most affected. Reliable remote diagnosis of malaria infection will benefit from efficient compression of high-resolution microscopic images. This paper addresses a lossless compression of malaria-infected red blood cell images using deep learning. Specifically, we investigate a practical approach where images are first classified before being compressed using stacked autoencoders. We provide probabilistic analysis on the impact of misclassification rates on compression performance in terms of the information-theoretic measure of entropy. We then use malaria infection image datasets to evaluate the relations between misclassification rates and actually obtainable compressed bit rates using Golomb–Rice codes. Simulation results show that the joint pattern classification/compression method provides more efficient compression than several mainstream lossless compression techniques, such as JPEG2000, JPEG-LS, CALIC, and WebP, by exploiting common features extracted by deep learning on large datasets. This study provides new insight into the interplay between classification accuracy and compression bitrates. The proposed compression method can find useful telemedicine applications where efficient storage and rapid transfer of large image datasets is desirable.

scholarly journals A Precision Agricultural Application: Manggis Fruit Classification Using Hybrid Deep Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 375-381
Author(s):  
Putra Sumari ◽  
Wan Muhammad Azimuddin Wan Ahmad ◽  
Faris Hadi ◽  
Muhammad Mazlan ◽  
Nur Anis Liyana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Stochastic Gradient Descent ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
High Performing ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Filter Size ◽  
Fully Connected ◽  
Convolution Filters

Fruits come in different variants and subspecies. While some subspecies of fruits can be easily differentiated, others may require an expertness to differentiate them. Although farmers rely on the traditional methods to identify and classify fruit types, the methods are prone to so many challenges. Training a machine to identify and classify fruit types in place of traditional methods can ensure precision fruit classification. By taking advantage of the state-of-the-art image recognition techniques, we approach fruits classification from another perspective by proposing a high performing hybrid deep learning which could ensure precision mangosteen fruit classification. This involves a proposed optimized Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model compared to other optimized models such as Xception, VGG16, and ResNet50 using Adam, RMSprop, Adagrad, and Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) optimizers on specified dense layers and filters numbers. The proposed CNN model has three types of layers that make up its model, they are: 1) the convolutional layers, 2) the pooling layers, and 3) the fully connected (FC) layers. The first convolution layer uses convolution filters with a filter size of 3x3 used for initializing the neural network with some weights prior to updating to a better value for each iteration. The CNN architecture is formed from stacking these layers. Our self-acquired dataset which is composed of four different types of Malaysian mangosteen fruit, namely Manggis Hutan, Manggis Mesta, Manggis Putih and Manggis Ungu was employed for the training and testing of the proposed CNN model. The proposed CNN model achieved 94.99% classification accuracy higher than the optimized Xception model which achieved 90.62% accuracy in the second position.

scholarly journals Central Object Segmentation by Deep Learning to Continuously Monitor Fruit Growth through RGB Images

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 6999
Author(s):  
Motohisa Fukuda ◽  
Takashi Okuno ◽  
Shinya Yuki
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Object Segmentation ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Shape Identification ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Rgb Images ◽  
Time Series Images

Monitoring fruit growth is useful when estimating final yields in advance and predicting optimum harvest times. However, observing fruit all day at the farm via RGB images is not an easy task because the light conditions are constantly changing. In this paper, we present CROP (Central Roundish Object Painter). The method involves image segmentation by deep learning, and the architecture of the neural network is a deeper version of U-Net. CROP identifies different types of central roundish fruit in an RGB image in varied light conditions, and creates a corresponding mask. Counting the mask pixels gives the relative two-dimensional size of the fruit, and in this way, time-series images may provide a non-contact means of automatically monitoring fruit growth. Although our measurement unit is different from the traditional one (length), we believe that shape identification potentially provides more information. Interestingly, CROP can have a more general use, working even for some other roundish objects. For this reason, we hope that CROP and our methodology yield big data to promote scientific advancements in horticultural science and other fields.

scholarly journals Augmented Reality Maintenance Assistant Using YOLOv5

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 4758
Author(s):  
Ana Malta ◽  
Mateus Mendes ◽  
Torres Farinha
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Object Recognition ◽  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Video Streams ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
Deep Learning Neural Network

Maintenance professionals and other technical staff regularly need to learn to identify new parts in car engines and other equipment. The present work proposes a model of a task assistant based on a deep learning neural network. A YOLOv5 network is used for recognizing some of the constituent parts of an automobile. A dataset of car engine images was created and eight car parts were marked in the images. Then, the neural network was trained to detect each part. The results show that YOLOv5s is able to successfully detect the parts in real time video streams, with high accuracy, thus being useful as an aid to train professionals learning to deal with new equipment using augmented reality. The architecture of an object recognition system using augmented reality glasses is also designed.

scholarly journals Deep-learning-based high-resolution recognition of fractional-spatial-mode-encoded data for free-space optical communications

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Youngbin Na ◽  
Do-Kyeong Ko
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Image Transmission ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Free Space Optical ◽  
Learning Classifier ◽  
Communication Capacity ◽  
Data Rates ◽  
Mode Space

AbstractStructured light with spatial degrees of freedom (DoF) is considered a potential solution to address the unprecedented demand for data traffic, but there is a limit to effectively improving the communication capacity by its integer quantization. We propose a data transmission system using fractional mode encoding and deep-learning decoding. Spatial modes of Bessel-Gaussian beams separated by fractional intervals are employed to represent 8-bit symbols. Data encoded by switching phase holograms is efficiently decoded by a deep-learning classifier that only requires the intensity profile of transmitted modes. Our results show that the trained model can simultaneously recognize two independent DoF without any mode sorter and precisely detect small differences between fractional modes. Moreover, the proposed scheme successfully achieves image transmission despite its densely packed mode space. This research will present a new approach to realizing higher data rates for advanced optical communication systems.

On prediction of traffic flows in smart cities: a multitask deep learning based approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fucheng Wang ◽  
Jiajie Xu ◽  
Chengfei Liu ◽  
Rui Zhou ◽  
Pengpeng Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Traffic Flows

scholarly journals Long-Term Data Traffic Forecasting for Network Dimensioning in LTE with Short Time Series

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1151
Author(s):  
Carolina Gijón ◽  
Matías Toril ◽  
Salvador Luna-Ramírez ◽  
María Luisa Marí-Altozano ◽  
José María Ruiz-Avilés
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Traffic Forecasting ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
Radio Planning

Network dimensioning is a critical task in current mobile networks, as any failure in this process leads to degraded user experience or unnecessary upgrades of network resources. For this purpose, radio planning tools often predict monthly busy-hour data traffic to detect capacity bottlenecks in advance. Supervised Learning (SL) arises as a promising solution to improve predictions obtained with legacy approaches. Previous works have shown that deep learning outperforms classical time series analysis when predicting data traffic in cellular networks in the short term (seconds/minutes) and medium term (hours/days) from long historical data series. However, long-term forecasting (several months horizon) performed in radio planning tools relies on short and noisy time series, thus requiring a separate analysis. In this work, we present the first study comparing SL and time series analysis approaches to predict monthly busy-hour data traffic on a cell basis in a live LTE network. To this end, an extensive dataset is collected, comprising data traffic per cell for a whole country during 30 months. The considered methods include Random Forest, different Neural Networks, Support Vector Regression, Seasonal Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average and Additive Holt–Winters. Results show that SL models outperform time series approaches, while reducing data storage capacity requirements. More importantly, unlike in short-term and medium-term traffic forecasting, non-deep SL approaches are competitive with deep learning while being more computationally efficient.

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