scholarly journals Advances in Optical Based Turbidity Sensing Using LED Photometry (PEDD)

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 254
Author(s):  
Cormac D. Fay ◽  
Andrew Nattestad
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Sensitivity Limit ◽  
Calibration Standards ◽  
Detector Diode

Turbidity is one of the primary metrics to determine water quality in terms of health and environmental concerns, however analysis typically takes place in centralized facilities, with samples periodically collected and transported there. Large scale autonomous deployments (WSNs) are impeded by both initial and per measurement costs. In this study we employ a Paired Emitter-Detector Diode (PEDD) technique to quantitatively measure turbidity using analytical grade calibration standards. Our PEDD approach compares favorably against more conventional photodiode-LED arrangements in terms of spectral sensitivity, cost, power use, sensitivity, limit of detection, and physical arrangement as per the ISO 7027 turbidity sensing standard. The findings show that the PEDD technique was superior in all aforementioned aspects. It is therefore more ideal for low-cost, low-power, IoT deployed sensors. The significance of these findings can lead to environmental deployments that greatly lower the device and per-measurement costs.

scholarly journals IDC Sensor for Low-Cost Water Quality Monitoring Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Mendez-Chaves ◽  
Manuel Perez ◽  
Alejandro Farfan ◽  
Eduardo Gerlein
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Complete Solution ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Measuring Method ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Monitoring Applications

In order to properly monitor the health status of the hydrological resources of a region, in terms of water contamination, a scalable and low-cost system is necessary to map the water quality at different locations and allow the prioritization of more sophisticated and expensive monitoring campaigns on those areas where a suspicious behavior seems to be occurring. This paper presents the design and implementation process of such an IoT-based solution for low-cost and scalable water quality monitoring applications. To achieve that end, we propose the utilization of a low-cost inter-digital capacitance (IDC) sensor to characterize the conductivity of the water, a very telling parameter about the level of pollution in the water. Additionally, an embedded method to measure such sensor was designed and implemented, which considers the requirements of a portable platform: low computational capabilities, small memory and low power consumption. Our results show that an IDC sensor is capable of detecting the changes of the capacitance of the sample, and therefore mapping the changes in the conductivity of the water. Additionally, integrating an embedded measuring method is a valid option for in-situ characterization of water samples and the complete solution enables a new paradigm for water quality monitoring in large scale scenarios.

Progress in Microbial Fuel Cells Energy Production

2011 ◽  
Vol 324 ◽  
pp. 457-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Degrenne ◽  
Francois Buret ◽  
Bruno Allard ◽  
Jean Michel Monier
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Microbial Fuel Cells ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Payback Time ◽  
Power Densities

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) harness the natural metabolisms of microbes to produce electrical power from almost any kind of organic matter. In addition to the low power densities (about 1mW for a 1-liter reactor), MFCs are presently built with expensive membrane and electrodes. The payback time of MFCs is therefore very long (evaluated to 25000 years for our lab prototype). Progresses in designing low-cost MFCs are necessary before conceiving large scale energy production.

scholarly journals Designing an Ultra-Low-Power RTU for Use in NB-IoT Water Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 292 ◽  
pp. 02004
Author(s):  
Ivan Ganchev ◽  
Zhanlin Ji ◽  
Máirtín O’Droma
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Hydrographic Data ◽  
Ultra Low Power ◽  
Transfer Unit ◽  
Information Center ◽  
Microcontroller Unit

This paper presents the design and realization of a ultra-low-power and low-cost remote transfer unit (RTU), working as an outdoor gateway for collecting hydrographic data, such as rainfall, water flow rate, water quality, etc. Based on the NarrowBand Internet of Things (NB-IoT) standard, it facilitates the communication between the sensors and the information center (server). The unit consists of an Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) microcontroller unit (MCU), a NB-IoT module, and a power supply module. The RTU was experimentally tested and its use successfully demonstrated.

scholarly journals A Low-Cost Multi-Parameter Water Quality Monitoring System

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3775
Author(s):  
Arif Ul Alam ◽  
Dennis Clyne ◽  
M. Jamal Deen
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Water Monitoring ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Skilled Workers

Multi-parameter water quality monitoring is crucial in resource-limited areas to provide persistent water safety. Conventional water monitoring techniques are time-consuming, require skilled personnel, are not user-friendly and are incompatible with operating on-site. Here, we develop a multi-parameter water quality monitoring system (MWQMS) that includes an array of low-cost, easy-to-use, high-sensitivity electrochemical sensors, as well as custom-designed sensor readout circuitry and smartphone application with wireless connectivity. The system overcomes the need of costly laboratory-based testing methods and the requirement of skilled workers. The proposed MWQMS system can simultaneously monitor pH, free chlorine, and temperature with sensitivities of 57.5 mV/pH, 186 nA/ppm and 16.9 mV/°C, respectively, as well as sensing of BPA with <10 nM limit of detection. The system also provides seamless interconnection between transduction of the sensors’ signal, signal processing, wireless data transfer and smartphone app-based operation. This interconnection was accomplished by fabricating nanomaterial and carbon nanotube-based sensors on a common substrate, integrating these sensors to a readout circuit and transmitting the sensor data to an Android application. The MWQMS system provides a general platform technology where an array of other water monitoring sensors can also be easily integrated and programmed. Such a system can offer tremendous opportunity for a broad range of environmental monitoring applications.

scholarly journals Real-time, selective, and low-cost detection of trace level SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein for cold-chain food quarantine

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Xin Fang ◽  
Yu Mao ◽  
Haochen Qi ◽  
Jayne Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Trace Level ◽  
Interdigitated Microelectrode ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Virus Survival

AbstractDue to the friendly temperature for virus survival, SARS-CoV-2 is frequently found in cold-chain foods, posing a serious threat to public health. Utilizing an interdigitated microelectrode chip modified with an antibody probe and integrating dielectrophoresis enrichment with interfacial capacitance sensing, a strategy is presented for the detection of trace level spike-protein from SARS-CoV-2. It achieves a limit of detection as low as 2.29 × 10−6 ng/mL in 20 s, with a wide linear range of 10−5–10−1 ng/mL and a selectivity of 234:1. The cost for a single test can be controlled to ~1 dollar. This strategy provides a competitive solution for real-time, sensitive, selective, and large-scale application in cold-chain food quarantine.

scholarly journals RSS-Based Localization and Mobility Evaluation Using a Single NB-IoT Cell

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 6172
Author(s):  
Thomas Janssen ◽  
Rafael Berkvens ◽  
Maarten Weyn
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Estimation Error ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Location Estimation ◽  
Wide Area Networks ◽  
Localization Performance ◽  
Cell Reselection ◽  
Signals Of Opportunity

Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) have the ability to localize a mobile transmitter using signals of opportunity, as a low power and low cost alternative to satellite-based solutions. In this paper, we evaluate the accuracy of three localization approaches based on the Received Signal Strength (RSS). More specifically, the performance of a proximity, range-based and optimized fingerprint-based algorithm is evaluated in a large-scale urban environment using a public Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) network. The results show a mean location estimation error of 340, 320 and 204 m, respectively. During the measurement campaign, we discovered a mobility issue in NB-IoT. In contrast to other LPWAN and cellular technologies which use multiple gateways or cells to locate a device, only a single cell antenna can be used for RSS-based localization in NB-IoT. Therefore, we address this limitation in the current NB-IoT hardware and software by studying the mobility of the cellular-based 3GPP standard in a localization context. Experimental results show that the lack of handover support leads to increased cell reselection time and poor cell sector reliability, which in turn results in reduced localization performance.

scholarly journals Quantitative Analysis of Phenobarbital in Dosage Form by Thin-Layer Chromatography Combined with Densitometry

2006 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 995-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Wójciak-Kosior ◽  
Agnieszka Skalska ◽  
Grażyna Matysik ◽  
Magdalena Kryska
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Mobile Phase ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sensitivity Limit ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Hptlc Method

Abstract In this paper, a high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method combined with densitometry has been described. Chromatography was performed on silica gel Si 60F254 plates using dichloromethaneethyl acetateformic acid (9.5 + 0.5 + 0.1, v/v) mobile phase. This method has been successfully applied for the determination of phenobarbital in pharmaceuticals. Obtained results were comparable with traditionally used column high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods. For the proposed procedure, linearity (r &gt; 0.999), sensitivity (limit of detection 0.4 g/spot), recovery (97.8102.1%), and repeatability were found to be satisfactory. The HPTLC-densitometry method has many advantages, such as simplicity, reasonable sensitivity, rapidity, and low cost, and it can be successfully used in routine quality control of multidrug preparations containing barbiturates.

scholarly journals A Low-Cost Information Monitoring System for Smart Farming Applications

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 2367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Saqib ◽  
Tarik Adnan Almohamad ◽  
Raja Majid Mehmood
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Communication Range ◽  
Information Monitoring ◽  
Agricultural Farm

A low-cost, low-power, and low data-rate solution is proposed to fulfill the requirements of information monitoring for actual large-scale agricultural farms. A small-scale farm can be easily managed. By contrast, a large farm will require automating equipment that contributes to crop production. Sensor based soil properties measurement plays an integral role in designing a fully automated agricultural farm, also provides more satisfactory results than any manual method. The existing information monitoring solutions are inefficient in terms of higher deployment cost and limited communication range to adapt the need of large-scale agriculture farms. A serial based low-power, long-range, and low-cost communication module is proposed to confront the challenges of monitoring information over long distances. In the proposed system, a tree-based communication mechanism is deployed to extend the communication range by adding intermediate nodes. Each sensor node consists of a solar panel, a rechargeable cell, a microcontroller, a moisture sensor, and a communication unit. Each node is capable to work as a sensor node and router node for network traffic. Minimized data logs from the central node are sent daily to the cloud for future analytics purpose. After conducting a detailed experiment in open sight, the communication distance measured 250 m between two points and increased to 750 m by adding two intermediate nodes. The minimum working current of each node was 2 mA, and the packet loss rate was approximately 2–5% on different packet sizes of the entire network. Results show that the proposed approach can be used as a reference model to meet the requirements for soil measurement, transmission, and storage in a large-scale agricultural farm.

scholarly journals Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid Detection Using Molecularly Imprinted Polyaniline on a Paper Substrate

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 7301
Author(s):  
Ting-Yen Chi ◽  
Zheyuan Chen ◽  
Jun Kameoka
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Detection Mechanism ◽  
Xps Spectra ◽  
Molecularly Imprinted ◽  
Recognition Sites ◽  
Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid

Perfluorinated compounds like perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) are synthetic water pollutants and have accumulated in environments for decades, causing a serious global health issue. Conventional assays rely on liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy that are very expensive and complicated and thus limit the large-scale monitoring of PFOS in wastewater. To achieve low-cost and accurate detection of PFOS, we designed a paper-based sensor with molecularly imprinted polyaniline electrodes that have recognition sites specific to PFOS. The calibration curve of resistivity ratios as a function of PFOS concentrations has a linear range from 1 to 100 ppt with a coefficient of determination of 0.995. The estimated limit of detection is 1.02 ppt. We also investigated attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of the surface of the polyaniline (PANI) electrodes to propose the potential recognition sites in polyaniline matrix and the detection mechanism. This electrical paper sensor with low cost and excellent sensitivity and selectivity provides the potential for large-scale monitoring of wastewater.

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