scholarly journals Comprehensive Review on Wearable Sweat-Glucose Sensors for Continuous Glucose Monitoring

Sensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 638
Author(s):  
Hima Zafar ◽  
Asma Channa ◽  
Varun Jeoti ◽  
Goran M. Stojanović
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Continuous Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
The Body ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Non Invasive

The incidence of diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate, and regular glucose monitoring is critical in order to manage diabetes. Currently, glucose in the body is measured by an invasive method of blood sugar testing. Blood glucose (BG) monitoring devices measure the amount of sugar in a small sample of blood, usually drawn from pricking the fingertip, and placed on a disposable test strip. Therefore, there is a need for non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring, which is possible using a sweat sensor-based approach. As sweat sensors have garnered much interest in recent years, this study attempts to summarize recent developments in non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring using sweat sensors based on different approaches with an emphasis on the devices that can potentially be integrated into a wearable platform. Numerous research entities have been developing wearable sensors for continuous blood glucose monitoring, however, there are no commercially viable, non-invasive glucose monitors on the market at the moment. This review article provides the state-of-the-art in sweat glucose monitoring, particularly keeping in sight the prospect of its commercialization. The challenges relating to sweat collection, sweat sample degradation, person to person sweat amount variation, various detection methods, and their glucose detection sensitivity, and also the commercial viability are thoroughly covered.

scholarly journals Detection of Blood Glucose Level in Humans using Non-Invasive Method-RL BGM

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 304-309
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Invasive Method

Blood sugar in the body is called glucose and it is important that the amount of sugar in the blood is fairly maintained. The body has sugar and blood that is used to store energy in the body. Low or high blood sugar is dangerous to life if it is not treated. The fasting blood glucose level in the morning ranges between 70 mg/dL to 110 mg/dL, after the meal the blood glucose should be less than 140 mg/dL. This paper proposes a method that is best suited to detect blood glucose in the human body and avoid serious health issues by sending a message instantly to the respective number of the patient. Currently, in market Blood Glucose Monitoring (BGM) techniques are vigorous and painful as the blood sample is pricked from the finger that leads to the risk of infection, the strips that were being used were also costly. The solution to this problem statement is a design of non-invasive smart equipment for observing the blood glucose level. One non-invasive method is Red Laser (RL) BGM technique, that is very superior to the other invasive method and non-invasive techniques. Here the refractive index of the laser light is analyzed to determine the blood glucose level. Several tests and experimental results are generated to prove the proposed method is highly accurate.

scholarly journals Statistical and spectral analysis of ECG signal towards achieving non-invasive blood glucose monitoring

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (S6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Igbe Tobore ◽  
Jingzhen Li ◽  
Abhishek Kandwal ◽  
Liu Yuhang ◽  
Zedong Nie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Solution ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Ecg Signal ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
St Segments

Abstract Background Globally, the cases of diabetes mellitus (diabetes) have increased in the past three decades, and it is recorded as one of the leading cause of death. This epidemic is a metabolic condition where the body cannot regulate blood glucose, thereby leading to abnormally high blood sugar. Genetic condition plays a significant role to determine a person susceptibility to the condition, a sedentary lifestyle and an unhealthy diet are behaviour that supports the current global epidemic. The complication that arises from diabetes includes loss of vision, peripheral neuropathy, cardiovascular complications and so on. Victims of this condition require constant monitoring of blood glucose which is done by the pricking of the finger. This procedure is painful, inconvenient and can lead to disease infection. Therefore, it is important to find a way to measure blood glucose non-invasively to minimize or eliminate the disadvantages encountered with the usual monitoring of blood glucose. Method In this paper, we performed two experiments on 16 participants while electrocardiogram (ECG) data was continuously captured. In the first experiment, participants are required to consume 75 g of anhydrous glucose solution (oral glucose tolerance test) and the second experiment, no glucose solution was taken. We explored statistical and spectral analysis on HRV, HR, R-H, P-H, PRQ, QRS, QT, QTC and ST segments derived from ECG signal to investigate which segments should be considered for the possibility of achieving non-invasive blood glucose monitoring. In the statistical analysis, we examined the pattern of the data with the boxplot technique to reveal the change in the statistical properties of the data. Power spectral density estimation was adopted for the spectral analysis to show the frequency distribution of the data. Results HRV segment obtained a statistical score of 81% for decreasing pattern and HR segment have the same statistical score for increasing pattern among the participants in the first quartile, median and mean properties. While ST segment has a statistical score of 81% for decreasing pattern in the third quartile, QT segment has 81% for increasing pattern for the median. From a total change score of 6, ST, QT, PRQ, P-H, HR and HRV obtained 4, 5, 4, 5 and 6 respectively. For spectral analysis, HRV and HR segment scored 81 and 75% respectively. ST, QT, PRQ have 75, 62 and 68% respectively. Conclusions The results obtained demonstrate that HR, HRV, PRQ, QT and ST segments under a normal, healthy condition are affected by glucose and should be considered for modelling a system to achieve the possibility of non-invasive blood glucose measurement with ECG.

Fundamentals of microwave technology for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring and review of the most significant works developed

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Carlos Gabriel Juan Poveda
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Relative Permittivity ◽  
Tissue Characterization ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Microwave Technology ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Theory Review

A retrospective review of the most important researches made regarding non-invasive blood glucose monitoring is presented, and bases for further investigation in this field are offered. The problem of diabetes disease on its two known types as well as its consequences and its management is discussed, and the need for this kind of glucose monitoring to avoid the painful procedures is shown. Fundamentals of microwave technology concerning relative permittivity measurement and tissue characterization are provided to understand the operating principles of non-invasively measuring, and theory review on this concern is presented. Variations of the relative permittivity in some zones of the body as the blood glucose level changes are studied to assess the feasibility of this kind of glucose monitoring. Literature references of electrical properties of biological tissues are studied, and the most relevant researches made regarding non-invasive blood glucose monitoring are discussed, focusing on the systems based on microwave resonators.

scholarly journals Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Using a Curved Goubau Line

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis WY Liu ◽  
Abhishek Kandwal ◽  
Qingsha Cheng ◽  
Hongjian Shi ◽  
Igbe Tobore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Thick Layer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Vacuum Suction ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Non-invasive blood glucose monitoring at microwave frequencies is generally thought to be unreliable in terms of reproducibility of measurements. The failure to reproduce a blood glucose measurement from one experiment to another is in major part due to the unwanted interaction of leaky waves between the ambient environment and the blood glucose measuring device. In this work, we have overcome this problem by simply eliminating the leaky modes through the use of surface electromagnetic waves from a curved Goubau line. In the proposed methodology, a fixed volume of blood-filled skin tissue was first formed by vacuum suction and partially wound with a curved Goubau line which was coated with a 3 mm thick layer of gelatin/glycerin composite. Blood glucose levels were non-invasively determined using a network analyzer. At 4.5 GHz, a near-linear correlation exists between the measured S12 parameters and the blood glucose levels. The measured correlation was highly reproducible and consistent with the measurements obtained using the conventional invasive lancing approach. The findings of this work suggest the feasibility of non-invasive detection of left and right imbalances in the body.

Indole as a new tentative marker in exhaled breath for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring of diabetic subjects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Fink ◽  
Tim Maihöfer ◽  
Jeffrey Bender ◽  
Jochen Schulat
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Glucose Measurement ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
Test Strips ◽  
Non Invasive

Abstract Blood glucose monitoring (BGM) is the most important part of diabetes management. In classical BGM, glucose measurement by test strips involves invasive finger pricking. We present results of a clinical study that focused on a non-invasive approach based on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath. Main objective was the discovery of markers for prediction of blood glucose levels (BGL) in diabetic patients. Exhaled breath was measured repeatedly in 60 diabetic patients (30 type 1, 30 type 2) in fasting state and after a standardized meal. Proton Transfer Reaction Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) was used to sample breath every 15 minutes for a total of six hours. BGLs were tested in parallel via BGM test strips. VOC signals were plotted against glucose trends for each subject to identify correlations. Exhaled indole (a bacterial metabolite of tryptophan) showed significant mean correlation to BGL (with negative trend) and significant individual correlation in 36 patients. The type of diabetes did not affect this result. Additional experiments of one healthy male subject by ingestion of lactulose and 13C-labeled glucose (n=3) revealed that exhaled indole does not directly originate from food digestion by intestinal microbiota. As indole has been linked to human glucose metabolism, it might be a tentative marker in breath for non-invasive BGM. Clinical studies with greater diversity are required for confirmation of such results and further investigation of metabolic pathways.

Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring by Means of near Infrared Spectroscopy: Methods for Improving the Reliability of the Calibration Models

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 285-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
U.A. Müller ◽  
B. Mertes ◽  
C. Fischbacher ◽  
K.U. Jageman ◽  
K. Danzer
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Infrared Reflection ◽  
Calibration Models ◽  
Infrared Reflection Spectroscopy

The feasibility of using near infrared reflection spectroscopy for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring is discussed. Spectra were obtained using a diode-array spectrometer with a fiberoptic measuring head with a wavelength ranging from 800 nm to 1350 nm. Calibration was performed using partial least-squares regression and radial basis function networks. The results of different methods used to evaluate the quality of the recorded spectra in order to improve the reliability of the calibration models, are presented.

scholarly journals A Review of Non-Invasive Optical Systems for Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 6820
Author(s):  
Bushra Alsunaidi ◽  
Murad Althobaiti ◽  
Mahbubunnabi Tamal ◽  
Waleed Albaker ◽  
Ibraheem Al-Naib
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Glucose Sensing ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Optical Systems ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring

The prevalence of diabetes is increasing globally. More than 690 million cases of diabetes are expected worldwide by 2045. Continuous blood glucose monitoring is essential to control the disease and avoid long-term complications. Diabetics suffer on a daily basis with the traditional glucose monitors currently in use, which are invasive, painful, and cost-intensive. Therefore, the demand for non-invasive, painless, economical, and reliable approaches to monitor glucose levels is increasing. Since the last decades, many glucose sensing technologies have been developed. Researchers and scientists have been working on the enhancement of these technologies to achieve better results. This paper provides an updated review of some of the pioneering non-invasive optical techniques for monitoring blood glucose levels that have been proposed in the last six years, including a summary of state-of-the-art error analysis and validation techniques.

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