scholarly journals Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Using a Curved Goubau Line

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis WY Liu ◽  
Abhishek Kandwal ◽  
Qingsha Cheng ◽  
Hongjian Shi ◽  
Igbe Tobore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Thick Layer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Vacuum Suction ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Non-invasive blood glucose monitoring at microwave frequencies is generally thought to be unreliable in terms of reproducibility of measurements. The failure to reproduce a blood glucose measurement from one experiment to another is in major part due to the unwanted interaction of leaky waves between the ambient environment and the blood glucose measuring device. In this work, we have overcome this problem by simply eliminating the leaky modes through the use of surface electromagnetic waves from a curved Goubau line. In the proposed methodology, a fixed volume of blood-filled skin tissue was first formed by vacuum suction and partially wound with a curved Goubau line which was coated with a 3 mm thick layer of gelatin/glycerin composite. Blood glucose levels were non-invasively determined using a network analyzer. At 4.5 GHz, a near-linear correlation exists between the measured S12 parameters and the blood glucose levels. The measured correlation was highly reproducible and consistent with the measurements obtained using the conventional invasive lancing approach. The findings of this work suggest the feasibility of non-invasive detection of left and right imbalances in the body.

scholarly journals A Review of Non-Invasive Optical Systems for Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 6820
Author(s):  
Bushra Alsunaidi ◽  
Murad Althobaiti ◽  
Mahbubunnabi Tamal ◽  
Waleed Albaker ◽  
Ibraheem Al-Naib
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Glucose Sensing ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Optical Systems ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring

The prevalence of diabetes is increasing globally. More than 690 million cases of diabetes are expected worldwide by 2045. Continuous blood glucose monitoring is essential to control the disease and avoid long-term complications. Diabetics suffer on a daily basis with the traditional glucose monitors currently in use, which are invasive, painful, and cost-intensive. Therefore, the demand for non-invasive, painless, economical, and reliable approaches to monitor glucose levels is increasing. Since the last decades, many glucose sensing technologies have been developed. Researchers and scientists have been working on the enhancement of these technologies to achieve better results. This paper provides an updated review of some of the pioneering non-invasive optical techniques for monitoring blood glucose levels that have been proposed in the last six years, including a summary of state-of-the-art error analysis and validation techniques.

scholarly journals An IoT-Based Non-Invasive Glucose Level Monitoring System Using Raspberry Pi

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (15) ◽  
pp. 3046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Alarcón-Paredes ◽  
Victor Francisco-García ◽  
Iris P. Guzmán-Guzmán ◽  
Jessica Cantillo-Negrete ◽  
René E. Cuevas-Valencia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Ann

Patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus must monitor their blood glucose levels in order to control the glycaemia. Consequently, they must perform a capillary test at least three times per day and, besides that, a laboratory test once or twice per month. These standard methods pose difficulty for patients since they need to prick their finger in order to determine the glucose concentration, yielding discomfort and distress. In this paper, an Internet of Things (IoT)-based framework for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring is described. The system is based on Raspberry Pi Zero (RPi) energised with a power bank, using a visible laser beam and a Raspberry Pi Camera, all implemented in a glove. Data for the non-invasive monitoring is acquired by the RPi Zero taking a set of pictures of the user fingertip and computing their histograms. Generated data is processed by an artificial neural network (ANN) implemented on a Flask microservice using the Tensorflow libraries. In this paper, all measurements were performed in vivo and the obtained data was validated against laboratory blood tests by means of the mean absolute error (10.37%) and Clarke grid error (90.32% in zone A). Estimated glucose values can be harvested by an end device such as a smartphone for monitoring purposes.

scholarly journals Non-Invasive Determination of Blood Glucose Levels by Optical Waveguide

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Askarbioki ◽  
Mojtaba Mortazavi ◽  
Abdolhamid Amooee ◽  
Saeid Kargar ◽  
Mohammad Afkhami-Ardekani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Optical Waveguide ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Evanescent Waves ◽  
The Body ◽  
Statistical Population ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Objective: Today, there are various non-invasive techniques available for the determination of blood glucose levels. In this study, the level of blood glucose was determined by developing a new device using near-infrared (NIR) wavelength, glass optical waveguide, and the phenomenon of evanescent waves. Materials and Methods: The body's interstitial fluid has made possible the development of new technology to measure the blood glucose. As a result of contacting the fingertip with the body of the borehole rod, where electromagnetic waves are reflected inside, evanescent waves penetrate from the borehole into the skin and are absorbed by the interstitial fluid. The electromagnetic wave rate absorption at the end of the borehole rod is investigated using a detection photodetector, and its relationship to the people's actual blood glucose level. Following precise optimization and design of the glucose monitoring device, a statistical population of 100 participants with a maximum blood glucose concentration of 200 mg/dL was chosen. Before measurements, participants put their index finger for 30 seconds on the device. Results: According to this experimental study, the values measured by the innovative device with Clark grid analysis were clinically acceptable in scales A and B. The Adjusted Coefficient of Determination of the data was estimated to be 0.9064. Conclusion: For future investigations, researchers are recommended to work with a larger statistical population and use error reduction trends to improve the accuracy and expand the range of measurements.

scholarly journals The dynamics of invasive and noninvasive blood glucose monitoring methods: Recent trends

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Yur'evna Babenko ◽  
Yulia Alexeevna Kononova ◽  
Alexandr Ivanovich Tsiberkin ◽  
Michail Konstantinovich Khodzitsky ◽  
Elena Nilkolaevna Grineva
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Control ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Improved prognoses of patients with type 2 diabetes are primarily determined by the extent of blood glucose control (correction of both hyper- and hypoglycemia and normalization of blood glucose levels). The proper identification and timely correction of abnormal blood glucose levels require frequent blood glucose monitoring by the patient. Currently used methods for the self-monitoring of blood glucose have significant drawbacks that limit their use. The most significant problems with these methods include insufficient accuracy, invasiveness and high cost, leading to noncompliance and difficult assessment of disease status. Such factors underscore the need for a noninvasive, cost-effective and highly accurate method to measure blood glucose levels. There are several different approaches for the noninvasive measurement of blood glucose levels, including optical analysis, ultrasound and bioimpedance. The concept of a noninvasive glucometer was launched more than 30 years ago. Nevertheless, most noninvasive technologies are still in early stages of development and are not used in clinical practice. This review describers the most promising developments in this area.

Evaluating the influence of hematocrit: comparison of three POCT devices pursuant to ISO 15197 guidelines. (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthes Kenning ◽  
Anselm Puchert ◽  
Eckhard Salzsieder
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Continuous Quality ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Reference Device ◽  
Personal Use

BACKGROUND Maintaining normal blood glucose levels in diabetes therapy is fundamentally linked to precise and accurate blood glucose measurements. In the light of interfering quantities like various substances or hematocrit, these aspects are of utmost clinical importance within a standardized validation of blood glucose monitors for personal use as well as a continuous quality assessment. OBJECTIVE Continuous and independent quality assurance of aspects affecting a blood glucose monitoring system’s performance. METHODS The influence of the hematocrit on the performance of three blood glucose monitors was assessed in accordance with ISO 15197 and sponsor’s requirements. RESULTS Only one device showed acceptable deviations of ≤ 10 mg/dL / 10 % to the reference device across the entire range. The other devices showed minor to clinically relevant interferences, particularly in response to higher hematocrit values. CONCLUSIONS Suitable BGM systems should be selected carefully by health care professionals and patients, especially with medical conditions known to interfere with blood glucose measurements.

scholarly journals Glycemic deviation index: a novel method of integrating glycemic numerical value and variability

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yizhou Zou ◽  
Wanli Wang ◽  
Dongmei Zheng ◽  
Xu Hou
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Glycemic Variability ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Deviation Index ◽  
Multiple Characteristics ◽  
Novel Method

Abstract Background There are many continuous blood glucose monitoring (CGM) data-based indicators, and most of these focus on a single characteristic of abnormal blood glucose. An ideal index that integrates and evaluates multiple characteristics of blood glucose has not yet been established. Methods In this study, we proposed the glycemic deviation index (GDI) as a novel integrating characteristic, which mainly incorporates the assessment of the glycemic numerical value and variability. To verify its effectiveness, GDI was applied to the simulated 24 h glycemic profiles and the CGM data of type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients (n = 30). Results Evaluation of the GDI of the 24 h simulated glycemic profiles showed that the occurrence of hypoglycemia was numerically the same as hyperglycemia in increasing GDI. Meanwhile, glycemic variability was added as an independent factor. One-way ANOVA results showed that the application of GDI showed statistically significant differences in clinical glycemic parameters, average glycemic parameters, and glycemic variability parameters among the T2D groups with different glycemic levels. Conclusions In conclusion, GDI integrates the characteristics of the numerical value and the variability in blood glucose levels and may be beneficial for the glycemic management of diabetic patients undergoing CGM treatment.

scholarly journals Detection of Blood Glucose Level in Humans using Non-Invasive Method-RL BGM

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 304-309
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Invasive Method

Blood sugar in the body is called glucose and it is important that the amount of sugar in the blood is fairly maintained. The body has sugar and blood that is used to store energy in the body. Low or high blood sugar is dangerous to life if it is not treated. The fasting blood glucose level in the morning ranges between 70 mg/dL to 110 mg/dL, after the meal the blood glucose should be less than 140 mg/dL. This paper proposes a method that is best suited to detect blood glucose in the human body and avoid serious health issues by sending a message instantly to the respective number of the patient. Currently, in market Blood Glucose Monitoring (BGM) techniques are vigorous and painful as the blood sample is pricked from the finger that leads to the risk of infection, the strips that were being used were also costly. The solution to this problem statement is a design of non-invasive smart equipment for observing the blood glucose level. One non-invasive method is Red Laser (RL) BGM technique, that is very superior to the other invasive method and non-invasive techniques. Here the refractive index of the laser light is analyzed to determine the blood glucose level. Several tests and experimental results are generated to prove the proposed method is highly accurate.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Review on Wearable Sweat-Glucose Sensors for Continuous Glucose Monitoring

Sensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 638
Author(s):  
Hima Zafar ◽  
Asma Channa ◽  
Varun Jeoti ◽  
Goran M. Stojanović
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Continuous Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
The Body ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Non Invasive

The incidence of diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate, and regular glucose monitoring is critical in order to manage diabetes. Currently, glucose in the body is measured by an invasive method of blood sugar testing. Blood glucose (BG) monitoring devices measure the amount of sugar in a small sample of blood, usually drawn from pricking the fingertip, and placed on a disposable test strip. Therefore, there is a need for non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring, which is possible using a sweat sensor-based approach. As sweat sensors have garnered much interest in recent years, this study attempts to summarize recent developments in non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring using sweat sensors based on different approaches with an emphasis on the devices that can potentially be integrated into a wearable platform. Numerous research entities have been developing wearable sensors for continuous blood glucose monitoring, however, there are no commercially viable, non-invasive glucose monitors on the market at the moment. This review article provides the state-of-the-art in sweat glucose monitoring, particularly keeping in sight the prospect of its commercialization. The challenges relating to sweat collection, sweat sample degradation, person to person sweat amount variation, various detection methods, and their glucose detection sensitivity, and also the commercial viability are thoroughly covered.

scholarly journals A Simple Medical Record System of Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Level Measurement Results for Diabetes Care Using Graphical User Interface (GUI) MATLAB

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-107
Author(s):  
Nur Hasanah Ahniar
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Medical Record ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Record System ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Measurement Results

We present a medical records system and reminders to patients of the measurement results of non-invasive blood glucose levels. Measuring blood glucose levels is vital in avoiding potential adverse health effects like diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder caused by a decrease in the pancreas to produce insulin. Generally, measuring blood glucose levels using the conventional method is injure the patient's finger. Currently, the non-invasive method was famous as one of the detections of blood glucose by applying the physical properties of laser absorption. In this paper, we use the photodiode as a detector, the LED as a sensor, and a signal conditioning circuit. The results showed that non-invasive glucose monitoring has the potential to measure glucose levels with sensitivity and linearity of 3.21 mg/dL and 98%, respectively. As a result of measuring the blood glucose levels of the subject was displayed on the LCD module was designed. We designed a simple application and medical record using Blynk applications and GUI MATLAB for recording the measurement results of blood glucose level. In the future, applications that have been developed can be used by doctors for monitoring the measurement of the blood glucose level and provide information to patients by mobile applications, sending an email or message the measurement results, the decision of a disease or not, and reminds the re-measurement time.

Evaluation of Nursing Work Effort and Perceptions About Blood Glucose Testing in Tight Glycemic Control

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 370-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daleen Aragon
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Tight Glycemic Control ◽  
Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Glucose Testing ◽  
Intravenous Insulin ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Testing

• Background Tight glycemic control is important in critically ill patients and involves insulin infusions and monitoring of blood glucose levels. Hourly measurements of blood glucose levels and adjustments of intravenous insulin doses require additional work by nurses. • Objectives To evaluate the nursing work incurred with and nursing perceptions about tight glycemic control and blood glucose monitoring. • Methods A variety of intensive care units were studied. Surveys were used to gain information about nurses’ perceptions. Time-in-motion observations were used to determine the time taken to measure blood glucose levels and adjust insulin doses. • Results Nurses thought that tight glycemic control was important and that the work associated with it was substantial. Nurses thought that easier and automated forms of blood glucose monitoring are needed. They preferred using an arterial catheter to obtain blood samples to avoid excessive finger sticks. The total number of blood glucose measurements was 77 954. The mean time taken for hourly blood glucose monitoring and adjustment of insulin doses was 4.72 minutes. The estimated costs of time spent on glycemic control during a 1-year period were $182 488 for nurses’ salaries and $58 500 for supplies. • Conclusions Although most nurses endorse tight glycemic control, the work associated with it is burdensome and costly. Because up to 2 hours might be required for tight glycemic control for a single patient in a 24-hour period, the costs in time and money are high. Easier clinical methods for monitoring blood glucose levels are needed.

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