scholarly journals Reusable Water Bottles: Release of Inorganic Elements, Phthalates, and Bisphenol A in a “Real Use” Simulation Experiment

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Maria Luisa Astolfi ◽  
Federica Castellani ◽  
Pasquale Avino ◽  
Arianna Antonucci ◽  
Silvia Canepari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Simulation Experiment ◽  
Internal Surface ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Inorganic Elements ◽  
Chemical Release ◽  
Regulatory Limits ◽  
Susceptible Populations

Reusable water bottles are growing in popularity; thus, possible chemical release from the internal surface into water should be carefully considered to control related health risks. We experimentally evaluated the release into deionized water of 40 elements, six phthalates, and bisphenol-A for 20 different reusable bottles by simulating the use in real world scenario. The 20 bottles, identified as those most purchased in Italy, were made of various materials (stainless steel, aluminum, plastic, and silicone). The experiment was carried out for four consecutive weeks in duplicate for each type of bottle. Our results showed the release, to various extents, of inorganic elements from all 20 bottles, while the release of phthalates and bisphenol-A was never found. The elements most frequently released were Al, Sr, Mo, and Cr, while the highest concentrations were for Ca, K, Mg, and Na; the release of toxic elements (such as Pb, Cd, Ni, Sb) also occurred. The comparison of our results with regulatory limits on drinking water quality revealed no exceeding values except for Al. However, these releases represent a further intake, and the related risks cannot be neglected, especially for highly susceptible populations. Thus, it is essential to correctly inform consumers both with dedicated interventions and exhaustive labelling.

scholarly journals Resilience of Heterogeneous Aquifers Evaluated from Different Dose-Response Models of Bisphenol A

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Jinwoo Im ◽  
Calogero B. Rizzo ◽  
Felipe P. J. de Barros
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Contaminated Sites ◽  
Heterogeneous Structure ◽  
Control Plane ◽  
Human Health Risks ◽  
The Impact

With the growing concerns over emerging contaminants in indirect potable reuse (IPR) applications, we investigate the impact on human health risk of emerging contaminants introduced into groundwater. Some emerging contaminants have potential endocrine-related health effects at a specific exposure range that is much lower than current guidelines. We start by analyzing Bisphenol A (BPA), which is one of the frequently detected emerging contaminants in groundwater. The objective of this study is to understand how the non-trivial toxicity of BPA affects the estimation of human health risks and, consequentially, aquifer resilience. Based on our results, we aim to provide indications on how to improve water resources management in BPA contaminated sites. We use numerical methods to model BPA contamination of a three-dimensional aquifer, and human health risks and aquifer resilience are estimated at a control plane representing an environmentally sensitive target. A Monte Carlo simulation is conducted to compute uncertainty associated with two levels of heterogeneity. In order to evaluate health risks due to BPA, two types of Dose-Response (DR) models are considered: the monotonic DR model for general exposure and the non-monotonic DR model for prenatal/postnatal exposure. The aquifer resilience is defined as the capacity to recover the state where groundwater is considered potable (i.e., negligible health risks due to BPA). When using the non-monotonic DR model, computational results indicate that the aquifer resilience reduces and its uncertainty increases as the aquifer heterogeneity increases. On the other hand, the aquifer resilience considering the monotonic DR model enhances, and its uncertainty increases relatively smaller than the one considering the non-monotonic DR model. In addition, the variability of the aquifer resilience is controlled by the residence time of the BPA plumes at the control plane, which is related to the volumetric flow rate at the front side of the contamination source. Finally, the decision-making strategy for BPA contaminated sites should be established in accordance with the heterogeneous structure of aquifer and land uses that determines which DR model of BPA is more important in estimating the aquifer resilience.

scholarly journals Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) Composition and Human Health Risk Assessment of PM10 on the Roadways of Industrial Complexes in South Korea

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1307
Author(s):  
Jin-Young Choi ◽  
Hyeryeong Jeong ◽  
Kongtae Ra ◽  
Kyung-Tae Kim
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Potentially Toxic Elements ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Industrial Complexes

Road and industrial origin particulate matters (PM) are a significant source of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), with health risks to the surrounding residents. In Korea for 60 years, although industries, roads and automobiles have increased aggressively, there are still few PTEs data in PM in road-deposited sediment (RDS) of industrial complexes (ICs). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the PTE composition of on-road PM10 from nine major ICs and its pollution degree in Korea and evaluate its human health risks. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and pollution load index (PLI) elucidated that on-road PM10 were severely polluted by Sb, Zn, Ag and Pb. A combination of principal component analysis (PCA) and chemical tracers was used to define the PTEs sources. The results showed that non-exhaust emission from vehicles’ activity is the primary source of PTEs in on-road PM10, and industrial emissions are the secondary source. The riskiest pathway on carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic by on-road PM10 with PTEs was in-gestion. Traffic origin PTEs including Pb, As, Sb and Cd had a more significant impact on carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health than those of industrial origins. These results could help mitigate public health risks arising from on-road PM10 and improve air quality in ICs.

Bioaccessiblity Features of Particulate bound Toxic Elements: Review of Extraction Approaches, Concentrations and Health Risks

2021 ◽  
pp. 100212
Author(s):  
Archi Mishra ◽  
Shamsh Pervez ◽  
Carla Candeias ◽  
Madhuri Verma ◽  
Shahina Bano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Toxic Elements

Human health risks from potentially toxic elements in soils of coal mining area

2022 ◽  
pp. 129-139
Author(s):  
R.E. Masto ◽  
J. George ◽  
V.A. Selvi ◽  
R.C. Tripathi ◽  
N.K. Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Coal Mining ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Potentially Toxic Elements ◽  
Coal Mining Area ◽  
Human Health Risks

scholarly journals Simultaneous Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soils and Sediments of the Guishui River Basin, Beijing

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (22) ◽  
pp. 4539
Author(s):  
Jiankang Wang ◽  
Bo Gao ◽  
Shuhua Yin ◽  
Dongyu Xu ◽  
Laisheng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Potentially Toxic Elements ◽  
Soils And Sediments ◽  
Basin Scale

Simultaneous ecological and health risk assessments of potentially toxic elements in soils and sediments can provide substantial information on their environmental influence at the river-basin scale. Herein, soil and sediment samples were collected from the Guishui River basin to evaluate the pollution situation and the ecological and health risk of potentially toxic elements. Various indexes were utilized for quantitatively assessing their health risks. Pollution assessment by geo-accumulation index showed that Cd had “uncontaminated to moderately polluted” status in the soils and sediments. Potential ecological risk index showed that the Guishui River basin was at low risk in general, but Cd was classified as “moderate or considerable ecological risk” both in the soils and sediments. Health risk assessment calculated human exposure from soils and indicated that both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of the selected potentially toxic elements were lower than the acceptable levels. Health risks posed by potentially toxic elements bio-accumulated in fish, stemming from sediment resuspension, were also assessed. Non-carcinogenic hazard index indicated no adverse health effects on humans via exposure to sediments; however, in general, Cr contributed largely to health risks among the selected potentially toxic elements. Therefore, special attention needs to be paid to the Guishui River basin in the future.

scholarly journals Size Distribution, Bioaccessibility and Health Risks of Indoor/Outdoor Airborne Toxic Elements Collected from School Office Room

Atmosphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Jie Tang ◽  
Xin Hu ◽  
Jun-Qin Qiao ◽  
Hong-Zhen Lian
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Lung Fluid ◽  
Mass Size ◽  
Office Rooms ◽  
Simulated Lung Fluid ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

20 sets of indoor and outdoor size-segregated aerosol (SSA) samples (180 foils) were collected synchronously by using two 8 Stage Non-Viable Cascade Impactor from an office room in the central region of the megacity-Nanjing, China in winter and spring in 2016. The mass size distribution of SSAs was bimodal for outdoor SSAs and unimodal for indoor in both winter and spring. The crustal elements, such as K, Ca, Mg and Fe, were mainly distributed in the coarse fractions of SSAs while toxic elements such as As, Cd, Pb and Sb were enriched more in the fine fractions in both winter and spring. Moreover, indoor/outdoor (I/O) concentration ratios of SSAs and inorganic elements indicated the penetration of outdoor fine fractions of SSAs into indoor air. As, Pb, V and Mn showed higher inhalation bioaccessibility extracted by the artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF); while V, As, Sr and Cd showed higher inhalation bioaccessibility using the simulated lung fluid (SLF), suggesting differences in elemental inhalation bioaccessibility between ALF and SLF extraction. There were similar potential carcinogenic and accumulative non-carcinogenic risks via inhalation exposure to indoor and outdoor particle-bound toxic elements based on their bioaccessible concentrations. Therefore, the potential health risks to human posed by toxic elements in office rooms cannot be neglected via inhalation exposure of the fine airborne particles.

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