scholarly journals What You Want Is Not Always What You Get: Gender Differences in Employer-Employee Exchange Relationships during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 281
Author(s):  
Eileen Peters
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Gender Ideologies ◽  
Exchange Relationships ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
Inequality Theory ◽  
Training Expectations ◽  
Employer Support

Relational Inequality Theory (RIT) argues that relational claims-making- the process of employer-employee exchange relationships explicitly regarding negotiations over resources and rewards- is the central mechanism that produces social inequalities at work. Yet, the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected employees and employers, possibly altering their behavior in relational claims-making. Hence, this paper aims to explore if long-standing gender inequalities in employer-employee exchange relationships have reproduced or changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is examined (1) whether women and men differ in their response to the pandemic regarding expected employer support with further training to work from home (WFH) and (2) whether employers’ decisions on adequate support depend on employees’ gender. The hypotheses were tested using a linked employer-employee dataset (LEEP-B3) with information on German employees’ working conditions before and during COVID-19. OLS regression models predicted no gender differences in training expectations. However, women are more likely to be provided with less training than they expect from their employers. Thus, employers’ decision-making has not been altered, but gender remains an important determinant in relational claims-making, thereby reproducing gender inequalities. Finally, the workforces’ pre-COVID-19 gender ideologies predicted whether mechanisms are mitigated or enhanced. Hence, these findings underline the crucial role of the workplace context in which employer-employee exchange relationships are embedded.

scholarly journals Exploring Gender Differences in Support for Rightist Parties: The Role of Party and Gender Ideology

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (01) ◽  
pp. 80-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosie Campbell ◽  
Silvia Erzeel
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Radical Right ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Gender Ideologies ◽  
Populist Radical Right ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Right

This contribution to the Special Issue on Gender and Conservatism uses expert and election surveys to explore the extent to which the feminist or traditional gender ideology of parties of the right relates to their economic and liberal/authoritarian ideology. We show that although parties of the left generally espouse more feminist ideologies than parties of the right, there are a significant number of rightist parties in Western Europe that combine laissez-faire economic values with liberal feminist ideals. That said, there is more homogeneity among parties of the populist radical right than rightist parties more generally. We find that despite some variation in their gender ideology, parties of the populist radical right overwhelmingly—with the exception of one party in the Netherlands—continue to adopt traditional or antifeminist gender ideologies. In terms of attracting women voters, we find that rightist parties who adopt a feminist gender ideology are able to attract more women voters than other parties of the right. We detect several examples of center-right parties that include feminist elements in their gender ideologies and are able to win over larger proportions of women voters than rightist parties that fail to adopt feminist positions.

scholarly journals Commentary - Women Ask Less Often Than Men Partly Because They Work Fewer Hours (Revised Manuscript)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Mazei ◽  
Joachim Hüffmeier
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Monte Carlo Analysis ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Hours Worked ◽  
Negotiation Research ◽  
Negotiation Performance ◽  
Alternative Conceptualization ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Theoretical Standpoint

A long debate in negotiation research concerns the question of whether gender differences in the propensity to initiate negotiations, in behaviors shown during negotiations, and in negotiation performance actually exist. Whereas past negotiation research suggested that women are less likely to initiate negotiations than men, a recent study by Artz et al. (2018) seems to suggest that women are as likely as men to “ask” for higher pay. However, this finding by Artz et al. (2018) was obtained once the number of weekly hours worked was added as a covariate in the statistical analysis. Following extant work, we suggest that the number of weekly hours worked could be—and, from a theoretical standpoint, perhaps should be—considered a mediator of gender differences. Conducting a Monte Carlo analysis based on the results and statistics provided by Artz et al. (2018) also yielded empirical evidence suggesting that weekly hours could be a mediator. Thus, women may be less likely than men to ask for higher pay, among other potential reasons, because they work fewer weekly hours. Based on this alternative conceptualization of the role of weekly hours, our commentary has theoretical implications for the understanding of gender differences in the propensity to initiate negotiations and practical implications for the effective reduction of gender inequalities.

scholarly journals Are Women Less Likely to Ask than Men Partly Because They Work Fewer Hours? A Commentary on Artz et al. (2018)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Mazei ◽  
Joachim Hüffmeier
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Monte Carlo Analysis ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Hours Worked ◽  
Negotiation Research ◽  
Effective Reduction ◽  
Negotiation Performance ◽  
Alternative Conceptualization ◽  
Practical Implications

A long debate in negotiation research concerns the question of whether gender differences in the propensity to initiate negotiations, in behaviors shown during negotiations, and in negotiation performance actually exist. Whereas past negotiation research suggested that women are less likely to initiate negotiations than men, a recent study by Artz et al. (2018) seems to suggest that women are as likely as men to “ask” for higher pay. However, this finding by Artz et al. (2018) was obtained once the number of weekly hours worked was added as a covariate in the statistical analysis. Following extant work, we suggest that the number of weekly hours worked could be—and, from a theoretical stand-point, perhaps should be—considered a mediator of gender differences. Conducting a Monte Carlo analysis based on the results and statistics provided by Artz et al. (2018) also yielded empirical evidence suggesting that weekly hours could be a mediator. Thus, women may be less likely than men to ask for higher pay, among other potential reasons, because they work fewer weekly hours. Based on this alternative conceptualization of the role of weekly hours, our commentary has theoretical implications for the understanding of gender differences in the propensity to initiate negotiations and practical implications for the effective reduction of gender inequalities.

scholarly journals Gendering COVID-19: Impact of the Pandemic on Women's Burden of Unpaid Work in India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanshi Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Online Education ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Unpaid Work ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Domestic Worker ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
Gendered Roles ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the already existing gender inequalities with substantial implications on women. With the closure of offices and educational institutions, and the emerging norm of work from home and online education, along with the lack of services of domestic worker, the need to perform unpaid chores in the household has increased. Simultaneously, the requirements of social distancing and sanitization have created new unpaid chores. Owing to the sexual division of labour, and gendered roles and social norms of performing domestic and care work, the burden of unpaid work falls disproportionately on women. In this context, the objective of the paper is to study the impact of COVID-19 on time spent on unpaid work and the underlying gender differences in the urban centres in India. Specifically, the paper will do a comparative analysis of the gender differences in time spent on unpaid work before and during the lockdown, and analyse the reasons for the same.

scholarly journals Women Suffered More Emotional and Life Distress than Men during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Pathogen Disgust Sensitivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8539
Author(s):  
Yi Ding ◽  
Jie Yang ◽  
Tingting Ji ◽  
Yongyu Guo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Disgust Sensitivity ◽  
Chinese Sample ◽  
Anxiety And Fear

The outbreak of the COVID-19 has brought upon unprecedented challenges to nearly all people around the globe. Yet, people may differ in their risks of social, economic, and health well-being. In this research, we take a gender-difference approach to examine whether and why women suffered greater emotional and life distress than men at the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Using a large nationwide Chinese sample, we found that compared to men, women reported higher levels of anxiety and fear, as well as greater life disturbance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Importantly, that women suffered more was partly explained by their higher level of pathogen disgust sensitivity. Our findings highlight the important consequences of gender differences in response to the threat of the COVID-19 pandemic and suggest that policymakers pay more attention to gender inequalities regarding COVID-19 responses.

`Pioneers Behind Our Own Front Doors': Towards Greater Balance in the Organisation of Work in Partnerships

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian A. Dunne
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Sexual Identity ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Lesbian Women ◽  
Market Participation ◽  
Gender Ideologies ◽  
Gender And Work ◽  
Gender Parity ◽  
Labour Market Participation

The seemingly intransigent nature of gender inequalities in the organisation of work has led to a somewhat gloomy portrayal of what is possible. Women's increased labour market participation has led to neither parity with men in terms of earnings and status nor a corresponding re-negotiation of labour in the home. Theorising on gender and work, however, tends to assume that workers, parents and households are heterosexual. This paper extends debate by considering the role of sexual identity for shaping the experience of work. It focuses on divisions of labour between lesbian women who are parenting together, and compares their arrangements with parents more generally. It seeks to illuminate what is achievable when actors are informed by broadly similar gender ideologies and negotiate from a position of gender parity in terms of power.

scholarly journals The role of Gender in Participation and Health Among Slovenian Youth: A Regional Comparison

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2019) (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrej Kirbiš ◽  
Monika Lamot ◽  
Katja Kotnik ◽  
Marina Tavčar Krajnc ◽  
Marija Javornik Krečič
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Subjective Health ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Cultural Participation ◽  
Survey Sample ◽  
Youth Language

Abstract: The main purpose of our study was 1) to test for gender differences in subjective health and well-being, political and cultural participation; 2) to examine whether gender moderates the link between health and participation; and 3) to test for regional variation in this link. A representative survey sample of Slovenian Youth 2010 study was analysed. At the total sample levels, men reported better health, there were no gender differences in voter turnout, while cultural participation was higher among women. In addition, gender did not moderate cultural participation-health link (no significant link in either gender), but it did moderate voter turnout-health link, with turnout being significantly negatively related to health among men (but not among women). Regional variations were not detected, as associations within regions were largely insignificant. Key words: cultural participation, political participation, health inequalities, regional differences, gender inequalities, democracy, youth Language: Original in English (Abstract in English and Slovene, Summary in Slovene)

The Role of Physical Exercise and Diet in management of Medoroga (STHAULYA) Reference Novel Coronavirus Covid 19

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1585-1592
Author(s):  
Roshna Sukhdeoji Bhutada
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Physical Movement ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
Causative Factors ◽  
Exercise Routine ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Day By Day ◽  
General Wellbeing

Nowadays, due to Covid-19 pandemic circumstance, numerous individuals are Staying from home. Understudy is additionally concern with the online class from home, because of which all physical movement of all individual has been stopped. Medoroga is one of the dominating metabolic problems and driving reason for mortality. Numerous patients with Covid infection 2019 (COVID-19) have identified with the metabolic disorder during the lockdown. The general wellbeing proposes (Work from Home, requests, gyms, terminations of garden and wellness focuses) to forestall Covid-19 spread can possibly decrease day by day physical movement. Ideas of Agni, Prakriti, strategy for victualing ought to be given equivalent consideration while choosing ones dietary and exercise routine to turn away/control Medoroga (STHAULYA). Organizing of diet is generally important to support insusceptibility. According to numerous investigates to give valuable pabulum which contains Zinc, Vitamin C, Vitamin D and invulnerability. It is practically equivalent to Medoroga referenced in Ayurveda compositions. Strick likeness outwardly inspected in both customary arrangement of medication and Ayurveda while portraying its causative components, outcomes and preventive part of exercise and diet in its administration. Striking is outwardly analyzed in both Traditional arrangements of medication and Ayurveda depicting its causative factors, and preventive capacity of movement and diet in its pandemic Covid-19.

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