scholarly journals Gendering COVID-19: Impact of the Pandemic on Women's Burden of Unpaid Work in India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanshi Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Online Education ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Unpaid Work ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Domestic Worker ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
Gendered Roles ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the already existing gender inequalities with substantial implications on women. With the closure of offices and educational institutions, and the emerging norm of work from home and online education, along with the lack of services of domestic worker, the need to perform unpaid chores in the household has increased. Simultaneously, the requirements of social distancing and sanitization have created new unpaid chores. Owing to the sexual division of labour, and gendered roles and social norms of performing domestic and care work, the burden of unpaid work falls disproportionately on women. In this context, the objective of the paper is to study the impact of COVID-19 on time spent on unpaid work and the underlying gender differences in the urban centres in India. Specifically, the paper will do a comparative analysis of the gender differences in time spent on unpaid work before and during the lockdown, and analyse the reasons for the same.

scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19 on the Education Sector in Nepal - Challenges and Coping Strategies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saraswati Dawadi ◽  
Ram Giri ◽  
Padam Simkhada
Keyword(s):  
Online Education ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Mobile Technologies ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Disadvantaged Children ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Temporary Closure ◽  
The Impact

<p>The pandemic spread of Novel Coronavirus, also known as COVID-19, has significantly disrupted every aspects of human life, including education. The alarming spread of the virus caused a havoc in the educational system forcing educational institutions to shut down. According to a UNESCO report, 1.6 billion children across 191 countries have been severely impacted by the temporary closure of the educational institutions. In order to mitigate the impact, educational institutions have responded to the closure differently in different contexts with a range of options for students, teachers, managers and parents, depending on the resources, both materials and human, available to them. Most of the options have to incorporate innovative technologies (e.g., digital and mobile technologies combined with traditional technologies such as radio and TV) in order to provide at least some form of educational continuity. As distance and online education is dependent on technological facilities, including internet and Wi-Fi, the discrepancies that exist in their availability are widening the gaps in access and quality of education. This article investigates the impact of COVID-19 on the Nepalese education system, with a focus on the school education. Based on the published documents, reports and news commentaries, the article provides a critical analysis and reflection on the opportunities and challenges the pandemic has presented for the technolization of the education systems. The findings indicate that the pandemic has had serious impacts on students’ learning and well-being, and that it potentially widens the gaps between advantaged and disadvantaged children in their equitable access to quality education. Furthermore, the findings suggest that Nepal has formulated a number of ICT and education related policies since 2000; however, the challenges it is experiencing in the advent of Covid-19 are mainly due to its faulty implementation strategies and inability to implement those policies. A discussion of the challenges and their potential managing strategies is provided in the final section of the article.</p>

scholarly journals Gendered Effects of Home-Based Work on Parents’ Capability to Balance Work with Non-work: Two Countries with Different Models of Division of Labour Compared

2018 ◽  
Vol 151 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Kurowska
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Unpaid Work ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Latent Construct ◽  
Home Based ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis paper explores gendered impact of home-based work (HBW) on the capability to balance work with non-work in double-earner families with dependent children in two countries with distinct models of division of labour: Poland and Sweden. At first, I critically engage with the WLB conceptualization in HBW studies and try to address identified gaps. Driving from the theoretical concept of ‘burden of responsibilities’ and setting it in the capability approach, I propose to operationalize the capability to balance work with non-work as a latent construct, observed through two indicators of the burden of unpaid work responsibilities related to one’s engagement in paid work. To simultaneously measure this capability as a latent construct and the impact of HBW on this capability, I estimate a simple structural equation model for each country. The results show that men in both countries have higher capabilities to balance work with non-work than women, but the difference between genders is smaller in Sweden. I also find that HBW is related to lower capability to balance work with non-work for mothers in both countries and for fathers in Sweden only. The results of this study show that in a relatively gender equal society (Sweden) the negative impact of home based work on the capability to balance work with non-work affects both genders. On the contrary—in a more traditional society (Poland), men are able to ‘escape’ the trap of double burden of paid and unpaid work when working from home while women do not.

scholarly journals Home, sweet home? The impact of working from home on the division of unpaid work during the COVID-19 lockdown

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Derndorfer ◽  
Franziska Disslbacher ◽  
Vanessa Lechinger ◽  
Katharina Mär ◽  
Eva Six
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Unpaid Work ◽  
Female Partner ◽  
Working From Home ◽  
Division Of Housework ◽  
Market Production ◽  
Small Set ◽  
The Impact

A lockdown implies a shift from the public to the private sphere, and from market to non-market production, thereby increasing the volume of unpaid work. Already before the pandemic, unpaid work was disproportionately borne by women. This paper studies the effect of working from home for pay (WFH), due to a lockdown, on the change in the division of housework and childcare within couple households. While previous studies on the effect of WFH on the reconciliation of work and family life and the division of labour within the household suffered from selection bias, we are able to identify this effect by drawing upon the shock of the first COVID-19 lockdown in Austria. The corresponding legal measures left little choice over WFH. In any case, WFH is exogenous, conditional on a small set of individual and household characteristics we control for. We employ data from a survey on the gendered aspects of the lockdown. The dataset includes detailed information on time use during the lockdown and on the quality and experience of WFH. Uniquely, this survey data also includes information on the division, and not only magnitude, of unpaid work within households. Austria is an interesting case in this respect as it is characterized by very conservative gender norms. The results reveal that the probability of men taking on a larger share of housework increases if men are WFH alone or together with their female partner. By contrast, the involvement of men in childcare increased only in the event that the female partner was not able to WFH. Overall, the burden of childcare, and particularly homeschooling, was disproportionately borne by women.

scholarly journals What You Want Is Not Always What You Get: Gender Differences in Employer-Employee Exchange Relationships during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 281
Author(s):  
Eileen Peters
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Gender Ideologies ◽  
Exchange Relationships ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
Inequality Theory ◽  
Training Expectations ◽  
Employer Support

Relational Inequality Theory (RIT) argues that relational claims-making- the process of employer-employee exchange relationships explicitly regarding negotiations over resources and rewards- is the central mechanism that produces social inequalities at work. Yet, the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected employees and employers, possibly altering their behavior in relational claims-making. Hence, this paper aims to explore if long-standing gender inequalities in employer-employee exchange relationships have reproduced or changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is examined (1) whether women and men differ in their response to the pandemic regarding expected employer support with further training to work from home (WFH) and (2) whether employers’ decisions on adequate support depend on employees’ gender. The hypotheses were tested using a linked employer-employee dataset (LEEP-B3) with information on German employees’ working conditions before and during COVID-19. OLS regression models predicted no gender differences in training expectations. However, women are more likely to be provided with less training than they expect from their employers. Thus, employers’ decision-making has not been altered, but gender remains an important determinant in relational claims-making, thereby reproducing gender inequalities. Finally, the workforces’ pre-COVID-19 gender ideologies predicted whether mechanisms are mitigated or enhanced. Hence, these findings underline the crucial role of the workplace context in which employer-employee exchange relationships are embedded.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Employment, Unpaid Work and Well-Being in the EU

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 254-260
Author(s):  
Sanna Nivakoski ◽  
Massimiliano Mascherini
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Unpaid Work ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

AbstractUnpaid work carried out inside the home has increased in the pandemic, and evidence points to women’s share in care responsibilities and domestic tasks remaining higher than those of men in the pandemic, continuing the gender divides of past decades.

scholarly journals Online Education in Promoting Continued Education during Coronavirus Outbreak in Zimbabwe: ‘Challenges and Solutions’

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 74-88
Author(s):  
Cassim Silumba ◽  
Show Chibango
Keyword(s):  
Online Education ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Educational Stakeholders ◽  
Continued Education ◽  
The People ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The education system has been affected by 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic. In order to curb the widespread of coronavirus pandemic, people were recommended to exercise social-distancing and self-isolation. The idea of social-distancing and self-isolation has resulted in the closures of schools, universities and colleges as Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education try to control the spread of the contagious disease among learners in Zimbabwe. The effects and perceptions of Zimbabwean parents, teachers, learners and stakeholders on education and Covid19 are a cause for concern. The closure of educational institutions in response to the pandemic has risen to alarming levels. In this article, the issue of online learning has been seen as the impending solution to the challenges posed to the teaching and learning process during the coronavirus pandemic outbreak in Zimbabwe. What is very disturbing is that the mitigating measures proposed by stakeholders and government seem to favour the have and the have-not are severely impacted. At the end of the day, all the strides Zimbabwe has been making in terms of bringing education to the door step and improvement of standards of life is just going down the drain due to lack of ICT equipment and technical expertise. The study was carried out through qualitative method through a phenomenological approach. Snowballing, interviews, observations and document reviews were made use of in gathering the data for this article. Presentation is mainly descriptive since the type of data gathered depended much on the experiences and feelings of the people in the society about the impact of Covid19 on education. A number of recommendations were put forward that include the government putting in place laws that restrict mobile operators to hike their charges and all educational stakeholders should be heard when they air their concern.

scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19 on the Education Sector in Nepal - Challenges and Coping Strategies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saraswati Dawadi ◽  
Ram Giri ◽  
Padam Simkhada
Keyword(s):  
Online Education ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Mobile Technologies ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Disadvantaged Children ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Temporary Closure ◽  
The Impact

<p>The pandemic spread of Novel Coronavirus, also known as COVID-19, has significantly disrupted every aspects of human life, including education. The alarming spread of the virus caused a havoc in the educational system forcing educational institutions to shut down. According to a UNESCO report, 1.6 billion children across 191 countries have been severely impacted by the temporary closure of the educational institutions. In order to mitigate the impact, educational institutions have responded to the closure differently in different contexts with a range of options for students, teachers, managers and parents, depending on the resources, both materials and human, available to them. Most of the options have to incorporate innovative technologies (e.g., digital and mobile technologies combined with traditional technologies such as radio and TV) in order to provide at least some form of educational continuity. As distance and online education is dependent on technological facilities, including internet and Wi-Fi, the discrepancies that exist in their availability are widening the gaps in access and quality of education. This article investigates the impact of COVID-19 on the Nepalese education system, with a focus on the school education. Based on the published documents, reports and news commentaries, the article provides a critical analysis and reflection on the opportunities and challenges the pandemic has presented for the technolization of the education systems. The findings indicate that the pandemic has had serious impacts on students’ learning and well-being, and that it potentially widens the gaps between advantaged and disadvantaged children in their equitable access to quality education. Furthermore, the findings suggest that Nepal has formulated a number of ICT and education related policies since 2000; however, the challenges it is experiencing in the advent of Covid-19 are mainly due to its faulty implementation strategies and inability to implement those policies. A discussion of the challenges and their potential managing strategies is provided in the final section of the article.</p>

scholarly journals Sex/Gender Differences in the Association between Residential Green Space and Self-Rated Health—A Sex/Gender-Focused Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (23) ◽  
pp. 4818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Bolte ◽  
Sarah Nanninga ◽  
Lisa Dandolo ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Research Quality ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Study Inclusion

Though sex/gender is an important social determinant of health, sex/gender inequalities have not been considered comprehensively in environmental health research thus far. The aim of this systematic review was to clarify whether sex/gender theoretical concepts were addressed in studies on the impact of residential green space on self-rated health and whether effect modification by sex/gender was observed. Three electronic databases were searched to identify epidemiological studies on perceived or objective residential green/blue space and self-rated health. Necessary for study inclusion was mentioning at least one keyword for sex/gender in title or abstract, adult study participants and data on self-rated health and on availability and/or use of green/blue spaces. Decisive for study inclusion was consideration of sex/gender differences in the impact of perceived or objective residential green/blue spaces on self-rated health in the analysis and presentation of results. Seven studies were included. They presented an overall positive impact of green space on self-rated health. No consistent sex/gender differences in the impact of green space on self-rated health were found in these studies. However, all studies used a binary operationalization male/female without further theoretical foundation. Research quality could be enhanced by integrating sex/gender-theoretical concepts into study design and interpretation of results.

Online education empowerment with artificial intelligence tools

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Boichenko A.V. ◽  
◽  
Boichenko O.A. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Online Learning ◽  
Distance Learning ◽  
Online Education ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
External Data ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The Impact

The experience of organizing the educational process during the quarantine caused by the COVID-19 pandemic is considered. Using of interactive technologies that allow organizing instant audio communication with a remote audience, as well as intelligent tools based on artificial intelligence that can help educational institutions to work more efficiently. Examples of sufficient use of artificial intelligence in distance learning are given. Particular attention is paid to the development of intelligent chatbots intended for use in communications with students of online courses of educational web portals. The use of technologies of ontology formation based on automatic extraction of concepts from external sources is offered, what can lead to greater acceleration of construction of the intellectual component of chatbots. Artificial intelligence tools can become an essential part of distance learning during this global COVID-19 pandemic. While educational institutions are closed to quarantine and many of them transitioned to distance learning lecturers and schoolteachers, as well as students and schoolchildren faced with the necessity to study in this new reality. The impact of these changes depends on people's ability to learn and on the role that the education system will play in meeting the demand for quality and affordable training. The experience of organizing the educational process at the University of Education Management of the National Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine in the quarantine caused by the COVID-19 pandemic showed that higher and postgraduate institutions were mostly ready to move to distance learning. However, most distance learning systems, on whatever platform they are organized, need to be supplemented: the ability to broadcast video (at least ‒ one-way streaming), providing fast transmission of various types of information, receiving instant feedback when voting, polls and more. The structure of each section of the training course for the online learning system should fully cover the training material and meet all the objectives of the course. Appropriate language should be used, and wording, syntax, and presentation of tasks should be considered. One of the areas of application of artificial intelligence technologies in online learning is the use of chatbots which are characterrized by the following properties. It is advisable to use computer ontologies to ensure the intellectualization of chatbots. In this case, the metadata must be understandable to both humans and software and meet the requirements of modern standards in the field of information technology. The extraction of concepts from external data sources was carried out to build the ontology.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document