scholarly journals Are Women Less Likely to Ask than Men Partly Because They Work Fewer Hours? A Commentary on Artz et al. (2018)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Mazei ◽  
Joachim Hüffmeier
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Monte Carlo Analysis ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Hours Worked ◽  
Negotiation Research ◽  
Effective Reduction ◽  
Negotiation Performance ◽  
Alternative Conceptualization ◽  
Practical Implications

A long debate in negotiation research concerns the question of whether gender differences in the propensity to initiate negotiations, in behaviors shown during negotiations, and in negotiation performance actually exist. Whereas past negotiation research suggested that women are less likely to initiate negotiations than men, a recent study by Artz et al. (2018) seems to suggest that women are as likely as men to “ask” for higher pay. However, this finding by Artz et al. (2018) was obtained once the number of weekly hours worked was added as a covariate in the statistical analysis. Following extant work, we suggest that the number of weekly hours worked could be—and, from a theoretical stand-point, perhaps should be—considered a mediator of gender differences. Conducting a Monte Carlo analysis based on the results and statistics provided by Artz et al. (2018) also yielded empirical evidence suggesting that weekly hours could be a mediator. Thus, women may be less likely than men to ask for higher pay, among other potential reasons, because they work fewer weekly hours. Based on this alternative conceptualization of the role of weekly hours, our commentary has theoretical implications for the understanding of gender differences in the propensity to initiate negotiations and practical implications for the effective reduction of gender inequalities.

scholarly journals Commentary - Women Ask Less Often Than Men Partly Because They Work Fewer Hours (Revised Manuscript)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Mazei ◽  
Joachim Hüffmeier
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Monte Carlo Analysis ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Hours Worked ◽  
Negotiation Research ◽  
Negotiation Performance ◽  
Alternative Conceptualization ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Theoretical Standpoint

A long debate in negotiation research concerns the question of whether gender differences in the propensity to initiate negotiations, in behaviors shown during negotiations, and in negotiation performance actually exist. Whereas past negotiation research suggested that women are less likely to initiate negotiations than men, a recent study by Artz et al. (2018) seems to suggest that women are as likely as men to “ask” for higher pay. However, this finding by Artz et al. (2018) was obtained once the number of weekly hours worked was added as a covariate in the statistical analysis. Following extant work, we suggest that the number of weekly hours worked could be—and, from a theoretical standpoint, perhaps should be—considered a mediator of gender differences. Conducting a Monte Carlo analysis based on the results and statistics provided by Artz et al. (2018) also yielded empirical evidence suggesting that weekly hours could be a mediator. Thus, women may be less likely than men to ask for higher pay, among other potential reasons, because they work fewer weekly hours. Based on this alternative conceptualization of the role of weekly hours, our commentary has theoretical implications for the understanding of gender differences in the propensity to initiate negotiations and practical implications for the effective reduction of gender inequalities.

Working role of women in a pandemic world: a poetic inquiry

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide de Gennaro ◽  
Francesca Loia ◽  
Gabriella Piscopo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Diversity Management ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Remote Work ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Poetic Inquiry ◽  
Women’S Perceptions ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has affected millions of people globally, and it has exacerbated the existing gender inequalities that have affected women. The purpose of this study is to understand the perceptions of women concerning gender inequality in the workplace during the current pandemic. The goal is to give women a voice so they can explain their feelings regarding the problems they face in a pandemic world. Design/methodology/approach In this study, four poetic inquiries were developed to investigate how the lives of working women were changed during the pandemic in Italy. Poetic methodology is a creative and aesthetic representation of qualitative research that is capable of reporting data with more fluidity and freedom. Findings The results suggest that the gender gap is increasing and is embodied in a series of relational and economic problems related to remote work, in difficulty in reconciling private and work life and in a series of new telematic violence against women. Practical implications This study offers practical implications for policymakers by suggesting the application of diversity management initiatives to remove barriers to gender equality. Originality/value This study, through a poetic approach, is the first to investigate women's perceptions during the pandemic related to difficulties experienced in the work sphere.

scholarly journals Understanding Distress: An Examination of the Role of Stereotype Threat in Vigilance Tasks

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 1541-1544
Author(s):  
Lindsay Rice ◽  
Eric T. Greenlee
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Negative Stereotype ◽  
Workplace Environments ◽  
Practical Implications

Vigilance tasks are known to be stressful and highly practical tasks present in many workplace environments. Research has examined ways to alleviate this stress but has often failed to include individual difference characteristics that might increase stress. The current research examined potential gender differences in stress after completing a vigilance task. Participants completed a questionnaire pre- and post-task measuring worry, engagement, and distress (Matthews et al., 1999) for a vigilance task. Results showed that women reported more distress after the vigilance task when reminded of a negative stereotype about their gender. Results are discussed in terms of practical implications for research examining distress during vigilance tasks, as well as considerations for future research.

scholarly journals What You Want Is Not Always What You Get: Gender Differences in Employer-Employee Exchange Relationships during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 281
Author(s):  
Eileen Peters
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Gender Ideologies ◽  
Exchange Relationships ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
Inequality Theory ◽  
Training Expectations ◽  
Employer Support

Relational Inequality Theory (RIT) argues that relational claims-making- the process of employer-employee exchange relationships explicitly regarding negotiations over resources and rewards- is the central mechanism that produces social inequalities at work. Yet, the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected employees and employers, possibly altering their behavior in relational claims-making. Hence, this paper aims to explore if long-standing gender inequalities in employer-employee exchange relationships have reproduced or changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is examined (1) whether women and men differ in their response to the pandemic regarding expected employer support with further training to work from home (WFH) and (2) whether employers’ decisions on adequate support depend on employees’ gender. The hypotheses were tested using a linked employer-employee dataset (LEEP-B3) with information on German employees’ working conditions before and during COVID-19. OLS regression models predicted no gender differences in training expectations. However, women are more likely to be provided with less training than they expect from their employers. Thus, employers’ decision-making has not been altered, but gender remains an important determinant in relational claims-making, thereby reproducing gender inequalities. Finally, the workforces’ pre-COVID-19 gender ideologies predicted whether mechanisms are mitigated or enhanced. Hence, these findings underline the crucial role of the workplace context in which employer-employee exchange relationships are embedded.

scholarly journals Women Suffered More Emotional and Life Distress than Men during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Pathogen Disgust Sensitivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8539
Author(s):  
Yi Ding ◽  
Jie Yang ◽  
Tingting Ji ◽  
Yongyu Guo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Disgust Sensitivity ◽  
Chinese Sample ◽  
Anxiety And Fear

The outbreak of the COVID-19 has brought upon unprecedented challenges to nearly all people around the globe. Yet, people may differ in their risks of social, economic, and health well-being. In this research, we take a gender-difference approach to examine whether and why women suffered greater emotional and life distress than men at the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Using a large nationwide Chinese sample, we found that compared to men, women reported higher levels of anxiety and fear, as well as greater life disturbance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Importantly, that women suffered more was partly explained by their higher level of pathogen disgust sensitivity. Our findings highlight the important consequences of gender differences in response to the threat of the COVID-19 pandemic and suggest that policymakers pay more attention to gender inequalities regarding COVID-19 responses.

scholarly journals Exploring the dual-role of cognitive heuristics and the moderating effect of gender in microblog information credibility evaluation

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 741-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunxiao Yin ◽  
Yongqiang Sun ◽  
Yulin Fang ◽  
Kai Lim
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Source Credibility ◽  
Information Source ◽  
Dual Role ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Information Credibility ◽  
Social Endorsement ◽  
Nuanced Understanding ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose Although microblogs have become an important information source, the credibility of their postings is still a critical concern due to the open and unregulated nature. To understand the antecedents of microblog information credibility, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the dual-role of cognitive heuristics (i.e. the additivity and bias roles) and the effect of gender differences. Design/methodology/approach This study collected data via an online field survey of active microblog users, and a total of 204 valid responses was received. Findings This study demonstrates the dual-role of source credibility and vividness, the additivity role of microblog platform credibility, and the bias role of social endorsement. Furthermore, this study also found out gender difference that the additivity role of cognitive heuristics was stronger for men while bias role was stronger for women. Research limitations/implications This research enriches the microblog literature by examining the cognitive heuristic determinants as key predictors of microblog information credibility, and contributes to the information credibility literature by identifying and analyzing the dual-role effect of cognitive heuristics and corresponding gender differences. Practical implications This study can help organizations better manage their reputation, especially during the reputation crises, and also serves as a reminder to microblog platform operators of the importance of their microblog platform credibility. Social implications This study can help organizations better manage their reputation, especially during the reputation crises, and serves as a reminder to the microblog platform operators of the importance of their microblog platform credibility. Originality/value This study investigates the dual-role effect of cognitive heuristics (i.e. the additivity role and bias role) and corresponding gender differences that are less touched on before, and thus provides a more nuanced understanding of the more complex effects of cognitive heuristics.

scholarly journals Impairment of assets – the role of norm reminders in non-compliant accounting decisions. An experimental investigation of gender differences

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-120
Author(s):  
Sabina Kołodziej ◽  
Ewa Maruszewska
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Ethical Judgment ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Decision Method ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Number Of Males ◽  
Practical Implications

Objective: This article examines the impact of accounting norm reminders on a decision about the impairment of two groups of assets: receivables and inventories. It also inves-tigates the ethical judgment of a non-compliant decision. Method: The examination is performed via a laboratory experiment. Results: A non-compliant decision was found to have a significant impact in the groups of males and females. Men’s propensity to non-compliance was higher regardless of the group of assets, suggesting that imprecise accounting regulations are perceived as a gateway to manipulations. Women’s propensity to make a non-compliant decision after recalling a norm was different, depending on the type of asset. The ethical evaluation was affected by gender: women evaluated a non-compliant decision of two groups of assets differently after recalling a norm. The main contribution of the study indicates that accountants may decide the opposite to the norm’s intention when the norm is less precise. Limitations: The study was conducted in one country and among masters’ degree ac-counting students. The number of males was relatively small. Practical implications: The results should be of interest to behavioral researchers, academic teachers, and Polish standards setters as they continue to develop national accounting standards. Contribution: We provide evidence that the interaction of norm recall, the type of asset, as well as the gender of the decision-maker impacts non-compliant decisions.

scholarly journals The role of Gender in Participation and Health Among Slovenian Youth: A Regional Comparison

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2019) (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrej Kirbiš ◽  
Monika Lamot ◽  
Katja Kotnik ◽  
Marina Tavčar Krajnc ◽  
Marija Javornik Krečič
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Subjective Health ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Cultural Participation ◽  
Survey Sample ◽  
Youth Language

Abstract: The main purpose of our study was 1) to test for gender differences in subjective health and well-being, political and cultural participation; 2) to examine whether gender moderates the link between health and participation; and 3) to test for regional variation in this link. A representative survey sample of Slovenian Youth 2010 study was analysed. At the total sample levels, men reported better health, there were no gender differences in voter turnout, while cultural participation was higher among women. In addition, gender did not moderate cultural participation-health link (no significant link in either gender), but it did moderate voter turnout-health link, with turnout being significantly negatively related to health among men (but not among women). Regional variations were not detected, as associations within regions were largely insignificant. Key words: cultural participation, political participation, health inequalities, regional differences, gender inequalities, democracy, youth Language: Original in English (Abstract in English and Slovene, Summary in Slovene)

The Role of Behavioral Models in the Ontological Structure of Modern Macroeconomics

2013 ◽  
pp. 98-110
Author(s):  
M. Likhachev
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Institutional Structure ◽  
Economic Environment ◽  
Behavioral Models ◽  
Macroeconomic Models ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Practical Implications

Behavioral models are considered in the paper as the link between the description of the institutional structure of the economic system and the formation of macro-aggregates, reflecting the results of its operations. The degree of homogeneity of the private sector’s economic environment and complementary goals of private entities and government regulation are noted as basic characteristics of behavioral models. The author examines the differences in the estimates of these characteristics as one of the most important factors underpinning the architecture of modern macroeconomic models and their practical implications.

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