scholarly journals Relationship between Step Characteristics and Race Performance during 5000-m Race

Sports ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Hiromasa Ueno ◽  
Sho Nakazawa ◽  
Yohsuke Takeuchi ◽  
Masaaki Sugita
Keyword(s):  
Contact Time ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
Race Time ◽  
Length Step ◽  
Endurance Runners ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Race Performance

This study examined the relationship between step characteristics and race time in a 5000-m race. Twenty-one male Japanese endurance runners performed a 5000-m race. Step length, step frequency, contact time, and flight time of two gait cycles (i.e., four consecutive ground contacts) were measured every 400-m by using high-speed video image. Moreover, step length was normalized to body height to minimize the effect of body size. In addition to step characteristics on each lap, the averages of all laps and the per cent change from the first half to the second half were calculated. The average step frequency and step length normalized to body height correlated significantly with the 5000-m race time (r = −0.611, r = −0.575, respectively, p < 0.05 for both). Per cent changes in contact time and step length correlated significantly with the 5000-m race time (r = 0.514, r = −0.486, respectively, p < 0.05 for both). These findings suggest that, in addition to higher step frequency and step length normalized to body height, smaller changes in step length during a given race may be an important step characteristic to achieving superior race performance in endurance runners.

scholarly journals The Potential Relationship Between Leg Bone Length and Running Performance in Well‐Trained Endurance Runners

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiromasa Ueno ◽  
Tadashi Suga ◽  
Kenji Takao ◽  
Yuto Miyake ◽  
Masafumi Terada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Height ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Race Time ◽  
Tibial Length ◽  
Bone Length ◽  
Endurance Runners ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Leg Bones

Abstract The present study aimed to determine the relationship between leg bone length and running performance in well-trained endurance runners. The lengths of the leg bones in 42 male endurance runners (age: 20.0 ± 1.0 years, body height: 169.6 ± 5.6 cm, body mass: 56.4 ± 5.1 kg, personal best 5000-m race time: 14 min 59 s ± 28 s) were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. The lengths of the femur and tibia were calculated to assess the upper and lower leg lengths, respectively. The total length of the femur + tibia was calculated to assess the overall leg bone length. These lengths of the leg bones were normalized with body height, which was measured using a stadiometer to minimize differences in body size among participants. The relative tibial length was significantly correlated with personal best 5000-m race time (r = -0.328, p = 0.034). Moreover, a trend towards significance was observed in the relative femoral length (r = -0.301, p = 0.053). Furthermore, the relative total lengths of the femur + tibia were significantly correlated with personal best 5000-m race time (r = -0.353, p < 0.05). These findings suggest that although the relationship between the leg bone length and personal best 5000-m race time was relatively minor, the leg bone length, especially of the tibia, may be a potential morphological factor for achieving superior running performance in well-trained endurance runners.

scholarly journals Agreement Between Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters Measured by a Markerless Motion Capture System and Two Reference Systems—a Treadmill-Based Photoelectric Cell and High-Speed Video Analyses: Comparative Study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe García-Pinillos ◽  
Diego Jaén-Carrillo ◽  
Victor Soto Hermoso ◽  
Pedro Latorre Román ◽  
Pedro Delgado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Video Analysis ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Flight Time ◽  
Reference Systems ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
Temporal Parameters ◽  
High Speed Video

BACKGROUND Markerless systems to capture body motion require no markers to be attached to the body, thereby improving clinical feasibility and testing time. However, the lack of markers might affect the accuracy of measurements. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the absolute reliability and concurrent validity of the Kinect system with MotionMetrix software for spatiotemporal variables during running at a comfortable velocity, by comparing data between the combination system and two widely used systems—OptoGait and high-speed video analysis at 1000 Hz. METHODS In total, 25 runners followed a running protocol on a treadmill at a speed of 12 km/h. The Kinect+MotionMetrix combination measured spatiotemporal parameters during running (ie, contact time, flight time, step frequency, and step length), which were compared to those obtained from two reference systems. RESULTS Regardless of the system, flight time had the highest coefficients of variation (OptoGait: 16.4%; video analysis: 17.3%; Kinect+MotionMetrix: 23.2%). The rest of the coefficients of variation reported were lower than 8.1%. Correlation analysis showed very high correlations (<i>r</i>&gt;0.8; <i>P</i>&lt;.001) and almost perfect associations (intraclass correlation coefficient&gt;0.81) between systems for all the spatiotemporal parameters except contact time, which had lower values. Bland-Altman plots revealed smaller systematic biases and random errors for step frequency and step length and larger systematic biases and random errors for temporal parameters with the Kinect+MotionMetrix system as compared to OptoGait (difference: contact time +3.0%, flight time −7.9%) and high-speed video analysis at 1000 Hz (difference: contact time +4.2%, flight time −11.3%). Accordingly, heteroscedasticity was found between systems for temporal parameters (<i>r</i><sup>2</sup>&gt;0.1). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the Kinect+MotionMetrix combination slightly overestimates contact time and strongly underestimates flight time as compared to the OptoGait system and high-speed video analysis at 1000 Hz. However, it is a valid tool for measuring step frequency and step length when compared to reference systems. Future studies should determine the reliability of this system for determining temporal parameters.

scholarly journals How do Amateur Endurance Runners Alter Spatiotemporal Parameters and Step Variability as Running Velocity Increases? A Sex Comparison

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
Felipe García-Pinillos ◽  
Daniel Jerez-Mayorga ◽  
Pedro Á. Latorre-Román ◽  
Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo ◽  
Fernando Sanz-López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Flight Time ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Spatiotemporal Parameters ◽  
Length Step ◽  
Endurance Runners

AbstractThis study aimed to analyse the effects of running velocity on spatiotemporal parameters and step variability in amateur endurance runners, according to sex. A group of 51 males and 46 females performed an incremental running test on a treadmill (10-16 km/h). Spatiotemporal parameters (contact and flight time, step length, step frequency and step angle [CT, FT, SL, SF, SA]) and step variability, in terms of within-participant standard deviation (SD), were recorded through the OptoGait System. The ANOVA showed significant differences in the magnitude of the spatiotemporal parameters as running velocity increased (p < 0.001). It also revealed significant differences in step variability (p < 0.005) over the entire running protocol. Between-sex differences in CT, SL, SL-normalized and SF (p < 0.05, ES = 0.4-0.8) were found. Differences were also found in step variability at high velocities (15-16 km/h), with males showing a greater SD than females. In conclusion, increasing running velocity makes CT shorter, FT and SL longer, and SF and SA greater in amateur endurance runners, changing step variability, regardless of sex. Additionally, some between-sex differences were found in spatiotemporal parameters and step variability.

scholarly journals Agreement Between Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters Measured by a Markerless Motion Capture System and Two Reference Systems—a Treadmill-Based Photoelectric Cell and High-Speed Video Analyses: Comparative Study

10.2196/19498 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. e19498
Author(s):  
Felipe García-Pinillos ◽  
Diego Jaén-Carrillo ◽  
Victor Soto Hermoso ◽  
Pedro Latorre Román ◽  
Pedro Delgado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Video Analysis ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Flight Time ◽  
Reference Systems ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
Temporal Parameters ◽  
High Speed Video

Background Markerless systems to capture body motion require no markers to be attached to the body, thereby improving clinical feasibility and testing time. However, the lack of markers might affect the accuracy of measurements. Objective This study aimed to determine the absolute reliability and concurrent validity of the Kinect system with MotionMetrix software for spatiotemporal variables during running at a comfortable velocity, by comparing data between the combination system and two widely used systems—OptoGait and high-speed video analysis at 1000 Hz. Methods In total, 25 runners followed a running protocol on a treadmill at a speed of 12 km/h. The Kinect+MotionMetrix combination measured spatiotemporal parameters during running (ie, contact time, flight time, step frequency, and step length), which were compared to those obtained from two reference systems. Results Regardless of the system, flight time had the highest coefficients of variation (OptoGait: 16.4%; video analysis: 17.3%; Kinect+MotionMetrix: 23.2%). The rest of the coefficients of variation reported were lower than 8.1%. Correlation analysis showed very high correlations (r>0.8; P<.001) and almost perfect associations (intraclass correlation coefficient>0.81) between systems for all the spatiotemporal parameters except contact time, which had lower values. Bland-Altman plots revealed smaller systematic biases and random errors for step frequency and step length and larger systematic biases and random errors for temporal parameters with the Kinect+MotionMetrix system as compared to OptoGait (difference: contact time +3.0%, flight time −7.9%) and high-speed video analysis at 1000 Hz (difference: contact time +4.2%, flight time −11.3%). Accordingly, heteroscedasticity was found between systems for temporal parameters (r2>0.1). Conclusions The results indicate that the Kinect+MotionMetrix combination slightly overestimates contact time and strongly underestimates flight time as compared to the OptoGait system and high-speed video analysis at 1000 Hz. However, it is a valid tool for measuring step frequency and step length when compared to reference systems. Future studies should determine the reliability of this system for determining temporal parameters.

scholarly journals Reliability of the Spatiotemporal Determinants of Maximal Sprint Speed in Adolescent Boys Over Single and Multiple Steps

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Meyers ◽  
Jon L. Oliver ◽  
Michael G. Hughes ◽  
Rhodri S. Lloyd ◽  
John Cronin
Keyword(s):  
Contact Time ◽  
Optical Measurement ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Adolescent Boys ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Sprint Speed ◽  
Length Step

The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of the spatiotemporal determinants of maximal sprinting speed in boys over single and multiple steps. Fifty-four adolescent boys (age = 14.1 ± 0.7 years [range = 12.9–15.7 years]; height = 1.63 ± 0.09 m; body mass = 55.3 ± 13.3 kg; -0.31 ± 0.90 age from Peak Height Velocity (PHV) in years; mean ± s) volunteered to complete a 30 m sprint test on 3 occasions over a 2-week period. Speed, step length, step frequency, contact time, and flight time were assessed via an optical measurement system. Speed and step characteristics were obtained from the single-fastest step and average of the 2 and 4 fastest consecutive steps. Pairwise comparison of consecutive trials revealed the coefficient of variation (CV) for speed was greater in 4-step (CV = 7.3 & 7.5%) compared with 2-step (CV = 4.2 & 4.1%) and 1-step (CV = 4.8 & 4.6%) analysis. The CV of step length, step frequency and contact time ranged from 4.8 to 7.5% for 1-step, 3.8–5.0% for 2-step and 4.2–7.5% for 4-step analyses across all trials. An acceptable degree of reliability was achieved for the spatiotemporal and performance variables assessed in this study. Two-step analysis demonstrated the highest degree of reliability for the key spatiotemporal variables, and therefore may be the most suitable approach to monitor the spatiotemporal characteristics of maximal sprint speed in boys.

Influence of RunScribe™ placement on the accuracy of spatiotemporal gait characteristics during running

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe García-Pinillos ◽  
José M Chicano-Gutiérrez ◽  
Emilio J Ruiz-Malagón ◽  
Luis E Roche-Seruendo
Keyword(s):  
Video Analysis ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Flight Time ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
High Speed Video ◽  
Spatiotemporal Parameters

This study aimed to examine the influence of RunScribe location (i.e. lace shoe vs heel shoe) on the accuracy of spatiotemporal gait characteristics during running by comparing data with a high-speed video analysis system at 1000 Hz. A total of 49 endurance runners performed a running protocol on a treadmill at comfortable velocity. Two systems were used to determine spatiotemporal parameters (i.e. contact time, flight time, step frequency, and step length) during running: high-speed video analysis at 1000 Hz and two different RunScribe placements (i.e. lace shoe vs heel shoe). The pairwise comparisons showed some between-system differences in both lace shoe (contact time: p = 0.009; step frequency: p = 0.001) and heel shoe (flight time: p = 0.006; step frequency: p = 0.010), although the effect sizes were small (effect size < 0.3 in all cases). The intraclass correlation coefficients revealed an almost perfect association between systems for contact time and flight time (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.85–0.90), and step length and step frequency (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.96–0.97), regardless of the RunScribe placement. Bland–Altman plots revealed that the lace shoe location yielded smaller systematic bias, random errors, and narrower limits of agreement for spatiotemporal parameters during running, except for SF, which had a higher accuracy in a heel shoe location. The results suggest that RunScribe is a valid system to measure spatiotemporal parameters during running on a treadmill according to a high-speed video analysis at 1000 Hz. In addition, the data indicate that the location of the RunScribe system (lace shoe vs heel shoe) plays an important role on the accuracy of spatiotemporal parameters. The lace shoe placement showed smaller systematic bias, random errors, and narrower limits of agreement for contact time, flight time, and step length, whereas the heel shoe placement was slightly more accurate for the step frequency.

Kinematics Characteristic of Exoskeleton Walking Robot for Older People

2014 ◽  
Vol 644-650 ◽  
pp. 167-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Chen ◽  
Sheng Lin ◽  
Rong Hua Li ◽  
Lian Dong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Walking Robot ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
High Speed Video ◽  
High Speed Video Camera ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
The Impact

The movement processes of the older people during walking on level ground were captured by the high-speed video camera with the speed of 500 frames per second. The gait parameters of the older people during walking on level ground were obtained by the quantitative analysis of the successive photographs captured by the high-speed video camera. Kinematics features of the older people during walking on level ground were discussed. Along with the growth of the age, step velocity, step frequency and step length were reduced, and gait cycle was rising. According to the morphology of the older people during walking on level ground, a mechanical model was put forward to aid the design of the exoskeleton walking robot. The couple walking characteristics between the older wearer and the exoskeleton walking robot was studied. In the single support phase of the exoskeleton walking robot, the change of the hip joint was gradually decreased to provide the driving force for the stable walk, the change of the knee joint was increased and following decreased and then increased to forward the older people's body center of gravity, and the change of the ankle joint was gradually increased to reduce the impact force of the ground. The results would provide the basic theory to bionic references for improving the reasonable properties of the exoskeleton walking robot. This work would provide certain theoretical and practical base in developing the exoskeleton walking robot on bionic structural design.

Differences in spatiotemporal parameters during 200-m sprint between bilateral and unilateral transfemoral amputees

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 567-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Hobara ◽  
Sakiko Saito ◽  
Satoru Hashizume ◽  
Yuta Namiki ◽  
Yoshiyuki Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Classification Rules ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Race Time ◽  
Performance Differences ◽  
Spatiotemporal Parameters ◽  
Transfemoral Amputees

Background and aim: Although Paralympic T42 class Men’s 200 m sprints are currently competed by athletes with bilateral and unilateral transfemoral amputations, there may be performance differences between the groups. This study aimed to compare the spatiotemporal parameters of a 200-m sprint between bilateral and unilateral transfemoral amputees wearing running-specific prostheses. Technique: We analyzed 29 races (nine sprinters) with bilateral or unilateral transfemoral amputations from publicly available Internet broadcasts. For each sprinter’s race, the average speed, step frequency, and step length were calculated using the number of steps in conjunction with the official race time. Discussion: Average speed of bilateral transfemoral amputees was 5.7% greater than in unilateral transfemoral amputees. Bilateral transfemoral amputees exhibited lower step frequency (–8.9%) but longer step length (16.3%) than unilateral transfemoral amputees. Therefore, even in the same Paralympic classification (T42), different spatiotemporal strategies exist between bilateral and unilateral transfemoral amputees wearing running-specific prostheses during 200-m sprints. Clinical relevance Since different spatiotemporal strategies exist between bilateral and unilateral transfemoral amputees during 200-m sprints, our data supports recent revisions of classification rules (1st January, 2018), which each population was allocated into the different classification (T61 and T63, respectively).

scholarly journals Kinematic characteristics of barefoot sprinting in habitually shod children

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5188
Author(s):  
Jun Mizushima ◽  
Keitaro Seki ◽  
Justin W.L. Keogh ◽  
Kei Maeda ◽  
Atsushi Shibata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Standing Position ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
Barefoot Running ◽  
Foot Strike ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Right

Background Anecdotally, a wide variety of benefits of barefoot running have been advocated by numerous individuals. The influence of the alterations in the properties of the shoe on the running movement has been demonstrated in adults at submaximal jogging speeds. However, the biomechanical differences between shod and barefoot running in children at sprinting speeds and the potential developmental implications of these differences are still less examined. The purpose was to determine the potential differences in habitually shod children’s sprint kinematics between shod and barefoot conditions. Methods Ninety-four children (51 boys and 43 girls; 6–12 years-old; height, 135.0 ± 0.12 m; body mass, 29.0 ± 6.9 kg) performed 30 m maximal sprints from standing position for each of two conditions (shod and barefoot). To analyze sprint kinematics within sagittal plane sprint kinematics, a high-speed camera (300 fps) was set perpendicular to the runway. In addition, sagittal foot landing and take-off images were recorded for multiple angles by using five high-speed cameras (300 fps). Spatio-temporal variables, the kinematics of the right leg (support leg) and the left leg (recovery leg), and foot strike patterns: rear-foot strike (RFS), mid-foot strike (MFS), and fore-foot strike (FFS) were investigated. The paired t-test was used to test difference between shod and barefoot condition. Results Barefoot sprinting in habitually shod children was mainly characterized by significantly lower sprint speed, higher step frequency, shorter step length and stance time. In shod running, 82% of children showed RFS, whereas it decreased to 29% in barefoot condition. The touch down state and the subsequent joint movements of both support and recovery legs during stance phase were significantly altered when running in condition with barefoot. Discussion The acute effects of barefoot sprinting was demonstrated by significantly slower sprinting speeds that appear to reflect changes in a variety of spatiotemporal parameters as well as lower limb kinematics. It is currently unknown whether such differences would be observed in children who typically run in bare feet and what developmental benefits and risks may emerge from increasing the proportion of barefoot running and sprinting in children. Future research should therefore investigate potential benefits that barefoot sprinting may have on the development of key physical fitness such as nerve conduction velocity, muscular speed, power, and sprinting technique and on ways to minimize the risk of any acute or chronic injuries associated with this activity.

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