scholarly journals Locating Multiple Size and Multiple Type of Charging Station for Battery Electricity Vehicles

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaohua Cui ◽  
Hui Zhao ◽  
Huijie Wen ◽  
Cuiping Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Range Limit ◽  
Mixed Integer Linear Program ◽  
Charging Station ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Initial Charge ◽  
Charging Stations

As environmental and energy issues have attracted more and more attention from the public, research on electric vehicles has become extensive and in-depth. As driving range limit is one of the key factors restricting the development of electric vehicles, the energy supply of electric vehicles mainly relies on the building of charging stations, battery swapping stations, and wireless charging lanes. Actually, the latter two kinds of infrastructure are seldom employed due to their immature technology, relatively large construction costs, and difficulty in standardization. Currently, charging stations are widely used since, in the real world, there are different types of charging station with various levels which could be suitable for the needs of network users. In the past, the study of the location charging stations for battery electric vehicles did not take the different sizes and different types into consideration. In fact, it is of great significance to set charging stations with multiple sizes and multiple types to meet the needs of network users. In the paper, we define the model as a location problem in a capacitated network with an agent technique using multiple sizes and multiple types and formulate the model as a 0–1 mixed integer linear program (MILP) to minimize the total trip travel time of all agents. Finally, we demonstrate the model through numerical examples on two networks and make sensitivity analyses on total budget, initial quantity, and the anxious range of agents accordingly. The results show that as the initial charge increases or the budget increases, travel time for all agents can be reduced; a reduction in range anxiety can increase travel time for all agents.

scholarly journals Energy Management System Optimization of Drug Store Electric Vehicles Charging Station Operation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6163
Author(s):  
Yongyi Huang ◽  
Atsushi Yona ◽  
Hiroshi Takahashi ◽  
Ashraf Mohamed Hemeida ◽  
Paras Mandal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
System Optimization ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Charging Station ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
Photovoltaic Power ◽  
Vehicle Charging ◽  
Charging Stations

Electric vehicle charging station have become an urgent need in many communities around the world, due to the increase of using electric vehicles over conventional vehicles. In addition, establishment of charging stations, and the grid impact of household photovoltaic power generation would reduce the feed-in tariff. These two factors are considered to propose setting up charging stations at convenience stores, which would enable the electric energy to be shared between locations. Charging stations could collect excess photovoltaic energy from homes and market it to electric vehicles. This article examines vehicle travel time, basic household energy demand, and the electricity consumption status of Okinawa city as a whole to model the operation of an electric vehicle charging station for a year. The entire program is optimized using MATLAB mixed integer linear programming (MILP) toolbox. The findings demonstrate that a profit could be achieved under the principle of ensuring the charging station’s stable service. Household photovoltaic power generation and electric vehicles are highly dependent on energy sharing between regions. The convenience store charging station service strategy suggested gives a solution to the future issues.

scholarly journals The Mobile Charging Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows and Recharging Services

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaohua Cui ◽  
Hui Zhao ◽  
Hui Chen ◽  
Cuiping Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Routing ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Vehicle Routing Problem ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Mixed Integer Linear Program ◽  
Routing Problem ◽  
Battery Electric Vehicles ◽  
Battery Capacity

For the environmental friendliness of the technology on battery electric vehicles, there is growing attention on it. However, the market share of battery electric vehicles remains low due to the range anxiety. As a remedy, the mobile charging services could offer charging service at any time or locations requested. For profitability of the services, the operator should route the charging vehicles in a more efficient manner. For this consideration, we formulate the mobile charging vehicle routing problem as a mixed integer linear program based on the classical vehicle routing problem with time windows. To demonstrate the model, test instances are designed and computational results are presented. In order to examine the change of the number of mobile charging vehicles and travel distance, sensitivity analyses, such as battery capacity and recharging rate, are performed. The results show that larger battery capacity, quicker charging rate, or higher service efficiency could decrease the number of mobile charging vehicles and total traveled distances, respectively.

scholarly journals Locating Charging Stations of Various Sizes with Different Numbers of Chargers for Battery Electric Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaohua Cui ◽  
Hui Zhao ◽  
Cuiping Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Location Problem ◽  
Capacity Constraints ◽  
Sustainable Transportation ◽  
Market Potential ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Link Capacity ◽  
Battery Electric Vehicles ◽  
Charging Stations

Compared with traditional fuel vehicles, battery electric vehicles (BEVs) as a sustainable transportation form can reduce carbon dioxide emissions and save energy, so its market share has great potential. However, there are some problems, such as: Their limited range, long recharging time, and scarce charging facilities, hindering improvement in the market potential of BEVs. Therefore, perfect and efficient charging facility deployment for BEVs is very important. For this reason, the optimal locations for charging stations for BEVs are investigated in this paper. Instead of flow-based formulation, this paper is based on agents under strictly imposed link capacity constraints, where all agents can select their routes and decide on the battery recharging plan without running out of charge. In our study, not only the locations of charging stations, but also the size of charging stations with the different number of chargers, would be taken into consideration. Then, this problem is formulated as a location problem for BEV charging stations of multiple sizes based on agents under link capacity constraints. This problem is referred to as the agent-refueling, multiple-size location problem with capacitated network (ARMSLP-CN). We formulate the ARMSLP-CN as a 0–1 mixed-integer linear program (MILP) with the aim to minimize the total trip time for all agents, including four parts, namely, the travel time, queue time, fixed time for recharging, and variable recharging time depending on the type of charger and the amount of power recharged, in which commercial solvers can solve the linearized model directly. To demonstrate this model, two different numerical instances are designed, and sensitivity analyses are also presented.

scholarly journals Distribution Network Congestion Dispatch Considering Time-Spatial Diversion of Electric Vehicles Charging

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Sun ◽  
Peng Yuan ◽  
Zhuoning Sun ◽  
Shubo Hu ◽  
Feixiang Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Network Congestion ◽  
Charging Station ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Pricing Scheme ◽  
Multiple Charging ◽  
Charging Stations

With the popularization of electric vehicles, free charging behaviors of electric vehicle owners can lead to uncertainty about charging in both time and space. A time-spatial dispatching strategy for the distribution network guided by electric vehicle charging fees is proposed in this paper, which aims to solve the network congestion problem caused by the unrestrained and free charging behaviors of large numbers of electric vehicles. In this strategy, congestion severity of different lines is analyzed and the relationship between the congested lines and the charging stations is clarified. A price elastic matrix is introduced to reflect the degree of owners’ response to the charging prices. A pricing scheme for optimal real-time charging fees for multiple charging stations is designed according to the congestion severity of the lines and the charging power of the related charging stations. Charging price at different charging station at different time is different, it can influence the charging behaviors of vehicle owners. The simulation results confirmed that the proposed congestion dispatching strategy considers the earnings of the operators, charging cost to the owners and the satisfaction of the owners. Moreover, the strategy can influence owners to make judicious charging plans that help to solve congestion problems in the network and improve the safety and economy of the power grid.

scholarly journals Decision Making Support for Local Authorities Choosing the Method for Siting of In-City EV Charging Stations

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Sierpiński ◽  
Marcin Staniek ◽  
Marcin Jacek Kłos
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Charging Station ◽  
Charging Stations ◽  
Decision Making Support

Development of electromobility in urban areas requires an appropriate level of vehicle charging infrastructure. Numerous methods for siting of charging stations have been developed to date, and they appear to be delivering diverse outcomes for the same area, which is why local authorities face the problem of choosing the right station layout. The solution proposed in this article is to use a travel planner to evaluate the distribution of charging stations over the area of a metropolis. The decision making support is achieved by determining optimal travel routes for electric vehicles according to their initial state of charge for the three selected station siting methods. The evaluation focused on the following three aspects: (1) number of travels that cannot be made (due to the lack of a charging station at a certain distance around the start point), (2) extension of the travel caused by the need to recharge the vehicle on-route, and (3) additional energy consumption by electric vehicles required to reach the charging station (necessity of departing from the optimal route). An analysis of the results has made it possible to determine a solution which is superior to others. For the case study analysed in the paper, i.e., the territory of the Metropolis of Upper Silesia and Dabrową Basin (Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolia, GZM), the distribution of charging stations established in line with method I has returned the best results. What the method in question also makes possible is to indicate a safe minimum energy reserve to complete the travel by eliminating situations of unexpected vehicle immobilisation due to on-route energy depletion and by minimising the phenomenon referred to as range anxiety.

The Use of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles for Peak Shaving

2015 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles G. Tse ◽  
Benjamin A. Maples ◽  
Frank Kreith
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Feasibility Analysis ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Peak Shaving ◽  
Charging Station ◽  
Sufficient Energy ◽  
Financial Investments ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
Charging Stations

This article is a feasibility analysis of using the batteries in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) for peak shaving. The analysis focuses on energy availability of the PHEV fleet as well as the financial savings to the utilities by analyzing different charging scenarios and circuitry. The energy availability and the financial savings are heavily dependent on the location and availability of charging stations. Three charging scenarios are analyzed: charging is possible at any time; cars can only be charged overnight; and charging can be done overnight and twice during the day at the place of work for cars used for commuting. The major findings of the study are that charging only overnight will not provide sufficient energy when needed, but both other charging mechanisms can provide effective peak shaving. The charging anytime would require funding a large number of charging station, but charging overnight and at work could be accomplished with relative minor financial investments. The savings from peak shaving could be used for incentives to offset the extra cost of batteries in plug-in electric vehicles (EVs).

Online Charging and Routing of Electric Vehicles in Stochastic Time-Varying Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 2667 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehsan Jafari ◽  
Stephen D. Boyles
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Charging Station ◽  
Current State ◽  
Time Varying Networks ◽  
Charging Stations ◽  
Generalized Cost ◽  
Stochastic Time

This paper formulates the problem of online charging and routing of a single electric vehicle in a network with stochastic and time-varying travel times. Public charging stations, with nonidentical electricity prices and charging rates, exist through the network. Upon arrival at each node, the traveler learns the travel time on all downstream arcs and the waiting time at the charging station, if one is available. The traveler aims to minimize the expected generalized cost—formulated as a weighted sum of travel time and charging cost—by considering the current state of the vehicle and availability of information in the future. The paper also discusses an offline algorithm by which all routing and charging decisions are made a priori. The numerical results demonstrate that cost savings of the online policy, compared with that for the offline algorithm, is more significant in larger networks and that the number of charging stations and vehicle efficiency rate have a significant impact on those savings.

The Use of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles for Peak Shaving

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles G. Tse ◽  
Benjamin A. Maples ◽  
Frank Kreith
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Feasibility Analysis ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Peak Shaving ◽  
Charging Station ◽  
Sufficient Energy ◽  
Financial Investments ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
Charging Stations

This article is a feasibility analysis of using the batteries in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) for peak shaving. The analysis focuses on energy availability of the PHEV fleet as well as the financial savings to the utilities by analyzing different charging scenarios and circuitry. The energy availability and the financial savings are heavily dependent on the location and availability of charging stations. Three charging scenarios are analyzed: charging is possible at any time; cars can only be charged overnight; charging can be done overnight and twice during the day at the place of work for cars that are used for commuting. The major findings of the study are that charging only overnight will not provide sufficient energy when needed, but both other charging mechanisms can provide effective peak shaving. The charging anytime would require funding a large number of charging station, but charging overnight and at work could be accomplished with relative minor financial investments. The savings from peak shaving could be used for incentives to offset the extra cost of batteries in plug-in electric vehicles.

scholarly journals Scheduling of electrical vehicle charging for a charging facility with single charger or multiple chargers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isuru Pasan Dasanayake Vidanalage
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Optimization ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Recursive Algorithm ◽  
Linear Optimization ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Solution Space ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Charging Station ◽  
Electrical Vehicle ◽  
Mixed Integer Linear Optimization

Merchant-owned charging stations will replace gasoline stations in the near future. As charging times of electric vehicles (EV) may be significant, without optimization, customers will wait to get charged without knowing the actual period of charging. In this thesis, two optimal scheduling methods for charging electric vehicles were developed for merchant-owned charging facilities, the first with a single charger and the second with multiple chargers. In the mathematical model for the single merchant-owned charging station, the problem is formulated as a hybrid nonlinear optimization model and solved using a backward recursive algorithm with nonlinear optimization solvers. As for a single charger, a hybrid system framework was used to capture the tradeoff between demand charges and speed of charging. For the merchant-owned multiple chargers case, the problem is formulated as a mixed integer linear optimization challenge with three-dimensional matrices characterizing the solution space and was solved using the MOSEK optimization toolbox in MATLAB. The proposed algorithms have been analyzed for different penalty factors which were imposed on total waiting time of each EV. Final results are analyzed and discussed.

scholarly journals A smart management system of electric vehicles charging plans on the highway charging stations

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 752
Author(s):  
Ibrahim El-Fedany ◽  
Driss Kiouach ◽  
Rachid Alaoui
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scheduling Algorithm ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Smart Transportation ◽  
Charging Station ◽  
Charging Time ◽  
Trip Time ◽  
Automatic Mechanism ◽  
Charging Stations

Electric vehicles (EVs) are seen as one of the principal pillars of smart transportation to relieve the airborne pollution induced by fossil CO2 emissions. However, the battery limit, especially where the journey is with a long-distance road remains the most formidable obstacle to the large-scale use of EVs. To overcome the issue of prolonged waiting charging time due to the large number of EVs may have a charging plan at the same charging station (CS) along the highway, we propose a communication system to manage the EVs charging demands. The architecture system contains a smart scheduling algorithm to minimize trip time including waiting time, previous reservations and energyare needed to reach the destination. Moreover, an automatic mechanism for updating reservation is integrated to adjust the EVs charging plans. The results of the evaluation under the Moroccan highway scenario connecting Rabat and Agadir show the effectiveness of our proposal system.<br /><div> </div>

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