scholarly journals Telecoupled Sustainable Livelihoods in an Era of Rural–Urban Dynamics: The Case of China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2716
Author(s):  
Wenjia Peng ◽  
Brian E. Robinson ◽  
Hua Zheng ◽  
Cong Li ◽  
Fengchun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Livelihood Strategies ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Sustainable Livelihood ◽  
Urban Dynamics ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Livelihood ◽  
Future Policy

Recently, increasingly sophisticated studies have investigated the relationship between agrarian livelihoods and the environment, as well as rural–urban interactions in developing countries. The policies developed to respond to these dynamics can constrain livelihood options or provide additional opportunities. In the present study, using a modified version of the telecoupled sustainable livelihood framework to generalize dynamic livelihood strategies in the context of rural–urban transformation and by focusing on recent research in China, we review important factors that shape rural livelihood strategies as well as the types of strategies that typically intersect with livelihood and environmental dynamics. We then examine telecoupled rural–urban linkages given that the dynamics of the livelihood strategies of farmers can cause flows of labor, capital, ecosystem services, and other processes between rural and urban areas, thereby placing livelihood strategies in a dynamic context, which has not been considered widely in previous research. We show that most previous studies focused on the reduction of environmental impacts via livelihood diversification and rural–urban migration. We propose several areas for future policy development and research.

MIGRATION, TRANSLOCAL NETWORKS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRATIFICATION IN NAMIBIA

Africa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 606-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens Greiner
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Urban Networks ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Stratification ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Price Differences

ABSTRACTRural–urban migration and networks are fundamental for many livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa. Remittances in cash and kind provide additional income, enhance food security and offer access to viable resources in both rural and urban areas. Migration allows the involved households to benefit from price differences between rural and urban areas. In this contribution, I demonstrate that rural–urban networks not only contribute to poverty alleviation and security, but also further socio-economic stratification. This aspect has been ignored or neglected by most scholars and development planners. Using ethnographic data from Namibia, I have adopted a translocal perspective on migration and stratification, focusing on the resulting impact in rural areas where modern urban forms of stratification, induced by education and income from wage labour, are on the increase.

scholarly journals URAL EMPLOYMENTS IN THE MEKONG DELTA AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH URBAN AREAS IN THE SHIFT FROM RICE CULTIVATION TO SHRIMP FARMING

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
Lan Thi Phuong Ngo
Keyword(s):  
Labor Migration ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Shrimp Farming ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

By analyzing dimensions of labor migration in the delta’s rice-to-shrimp communities, this paper suggests that in the present context, the relationship between rural and urban areas cannot be separately analyzed. In this paper, this close relationship is manifested in two aspects of rural employments and rural-urban migration. Those factors of excess labor, limited land, lack of employment, and uncertain conditions in agriculture production are important movitations of labor migration in the delta. Our findings are that having close proximity to industrial and urban areas remains an important drive of rural-urban migration. However, the rapid development of transportation and information which more and more connects rural and urban areas effectively has reduced geographical distance. Consequently, the organic relations between rural and industrial and urban areas have accelerated rural-urban migration. Moreover, rural-migration is also an indicator of unsustainability in agricultural production of the Mekong Delta.

Human Capital and Urbanization in India

2019 ◽  
pp. 514-546
Author(s):  
Sandip Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Income ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Average Return ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Active Policy

This chapter analyses the human capital base of population, workers, and migrants and compares the human capital base of the population and workers in rural and urban areas. The nature and extent of the private sector’s role in human capital formation are also looked at. This chapter finds that earnings of workers increase substantially at each successive level of education and returns are far higher at the graduate-and-above level. The contribution of rural–urban migration in increasing the urban population has been around one-fifth. In that sense, urban growth has been exclusionary. It observes that urban areas are considerably better endowed with the quality of human capital and the average returns to education are higher in urban areas compared with rural areas, and rural–urban gaps in average return to education are increasing over time. It calls for active policy to promote rural–urban migration that will boost urban as well as national income. In this regard it argues for an active policy of promoting the labour-intensive manufacturing sector which is likely to promote more migration and reduce the selectivity bias in rural–urban migration.

Rural-to-Urban Migration and the Urban Labour Market: the Case of India

2019 ◽  
pp. 175-218
Author(s):  
Arup Mitra
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Agglomeration Effects ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Informal Sector

In relation to urbanization, findings suggest that the unemployment rate after migration tends to decline. States with higher urbanization levels reveal a larger increase in regular wage employment after migration. With an increase in city size, the migration rate rises mainly because employment prospects are better in large cities due to agglomeration effects. Migration, urban informal sector employment, and the proportion of the Scheduled Caste population in urban and rural areas are all positively associated, suggesting that the socially backward groups are more likely to migrate from rural areas and get absorbed in the urban informal sector. This pattern is accompanied by a decline in the incidence of poverty in both rural and urban areas: even the urban informal sector activities are able to provide relatively better job opportunities and higher living standards.

Integrated approaches for infrastructure

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Leyeka Lufumpa ◽  
Maurice Mubila ◽  
Tito Yepes
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Given some of the key infrastructure challenges facing the continent, what is needed is a regionally integrated approach to confront these infrastructure challenges. The two main pillars of the infrastructure agenda are: (i) to strengthen the foundations for higher productivity in the main cities and (ii) to ensure a more even distribution of basic living standards. By clustering, firms increase the demand for infrastructure, thereby reaping cost savings from agglomeration. Inclusive growth also demands a more even distribution of basic living conditions in both rural and urban areas. This entails framing not only a coherent urban agenda, but also a commensurate rural agenda, to counter the incentives for rural–urban migration. What is needed is a broader vision of the technologies that can be deployed for service provision; the bundling of services wherever possible to increase effectiveness in peri-urban and rural areas; and a complementary rural development strategy.

scholarly journals The Impact of IT Development on Rural Communities 1n Korea

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-115
Author(s):  
Junghoon Moon ◽  
Joowon Park ◽  
Gu Hyun Jung ◽  
Young Chan Choe
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Digital Divide ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Perceived Usefulness ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Impact

The Internet has brought massive changes to human lives. Among the various positive and negative influences are the rural-urban digital divide, which refers to the information technology gap between rural and urban areas. The Korean government has made several effortS to close this digital divide. The main goal of this study is to identify how the personal and social lives of rural residents are affected by IT development in rural areas, and how the residents perceive the effect of IT development. To accomplish this goal, a survey research was conducted. A questionnaire was developed based on the current body of literature, and used to collect data. The questionnaire was distributed to rural residents in Korea and 272 responses our of a total of 300 collected were usable. Regression analysis methods were used for the analysis. On the analysis where the IT development index was used as an independent variable, positive relationships were found between the independent variables and some dependent variables such as perceived usefulness for jobs, IT usage skills, and tendencies of rural to urban migration. Findings show that rural residents are worried that IT development in rural areas may cause job loss in their respective communities, and decrease social interaction. However, positive perceptions were also apparent, as participants believed IT is useful for communications within the community, as well as better education and medical services.

Bright City Lights and Slums of Dhaka city: Determinants of rural-urban migration in Bangladesh

2004 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
AKM Ahsan ULLAH
Keyword(s):  
Absorptive Capacity ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Migration Process ◽  
Push And Pull Factors ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Push And Pull

This paper explores the factors contributing to the migration process in Bangladesh. 197 randomly selected migrants and their families were interviewed at both destination and source locations using closed and open-ended questionnaires. The resulting data provided descriptive and analytical statistics. Data analysis reveals that the flow of migration to the major cities in Bangladesh is the result of rural - urban dichotomies in income, employment opportunity and absorptive capacity. A significantly higher percentage of migrants live in slums as compared to other places (P<0.003). Regression analysis shows that migration is influenced by both “push” and “pull” factors, such as the search for work, landlessness, extreme poverty, loss of income,, easy access to informal sectors in cities, and joining families or relatives. A factor analysis showed similar determinants. Reducing disparities between rural and urban areas should receive urgent attention to stabilise the migration process in Bangladesh

scholarly journals Understanding the dynamics of Nigeria’s urban transition: A refutation of the ‘stalled urbanisation’ hypothesis

Urban Studies ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 947-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Fox ◽  
Robin Bloch ◽  
Jose Monroy
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Urban Transition ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Basic Facts

Nigeria contains some of Africa’s oldest and newest cities, hosts five of the 30 largest urban settlements on the continent, and is estimated to have the biggest urban population on the continent. Yet many of the basic ‘facts’ about spatial-demographic trends in Nigeria have been contested. Most recently, an article published in World Development in 2012 claimed that urbanisation had stalled in Nigeria. In an effort to establish and explain the stylised facts of Nigeria’s urban transition we analyse demographic and spatial trends drawing on diverse sources, including censuses, household surveys, remotely sensed data and migration studies conducted over the past three decades. The evidence does not support the claim of stalled urbanisation: Nigeria’s urban population is growing rapidly in absolute terms and will continue to increase as a share of the national population because of both rural–urban migration and rural transformation. These drivers of urbanisation are a product of persistently high fertility in a context of declining mortality in both rural and urban areas. Robust economic growth over the past decade likely accelerated urbanisation, but even as the economy slows demographic fundamentals will continue to drive rapid urban growth and urbanisation.

scholarly journals Household Split, Income, and Migrants’ Life Satisfaction: Social Problems Caused by Rapid Urbanization in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Chen ◽  
Hongsheng Chen ◽  
Jinhua Liu
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Family Care ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urbanization In China ◽  
Future Policy ◽  
The City

Household split between rural and urban areas has become an important social issue in China’s urbanization process. This study analysed the influence of household split on migrants’ life satisfaction and the differences between inter- and intra-provincial migrants. Using the data of the 2014 China Migrants Dynamic Survey, we found that the life satisfaction of inter-provincial migrants was significantly lower than that of intra-provincial migrants. For inter-provincial migrants, the life satisfaction of those who moved to the city with underaged children was significantly lower than that of those who left their children in their hometown. Moreover, the life satisfaction of migrants who were concerned about childcare in the hometown was significantly lower than that of those who did not worry about it. Chinese migrants face a dilemma: bringing their family members to the city despite the lack of social welfare support or leaving them in the hometown worrying about family care. We also found that family income does not have a significant moderating effect on the decline in life satisfaction owing to concerns about childcare in the hometown. Future policy concerning China’s population should create external conditions for migrants to accomplish family reunion.

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