scholarly journals The Structure and Dynamic of Scientific Collaboration Network among Countries along the Belt and Road

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 5187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinchang Gui ◽  
Chengliang Liu ◽  
DeBin Du
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Scientific Collaboration ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Collaboration Network ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Hub And Spoke ◽  
Dynamic Perspective ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Network Properties ◽  
The Belt And Road

Although a number of studies have discussed the economic, geopolitical and environmental impacts of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), there is a scarcity of analysis on the importance of science in the Belt and Road (B&R). Adopting bibliographical data from Clarivate Analytics’ Web of Science database for the period 2000–2018, this study investigates the network properties, topological structure, spatial pattern, position of countries, core-periphery sets, and the hierarchy of the network from a dynamic perspective. The results show that scientific collaboration is increasingly frequent. The “hub-and-spoke” and triangulated structures coexist, shaping the landscape of the network. With the decline of Central and Eastern Europe, and the rise of the Asia-Pacific region, the spatial pattern evolves from ‘‘strong Western and weak Eastern” to ‘‘weak Western and strong Eastern’’. The central position has been occupied by India, China, and Turkey, while Russia’s influence has lessened over time. Moreover, the collaboration network is a typical core–periphery structure with prominent hierarchical features. China, Poland, and Saudi Arabia are the top-tier coordination centers within sub-networks. Finally, this study provides policy recommendations and prospective research directions.

Time-space evolution of the goods export network of the Belt and Road countries: The view of weighted complex network

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Min Liu ◽  
Weixian Xue ◽  
Lisong He ◽  
Xue Yan
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Complex Network ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Trade Volume ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Weighted Complex Network ◽  
The Belt And Road

The weighted complex network is utilized to analyze the evolution of the overall structural features of the goods export network and the role transitions of each country in the network. The research suggests: 1. The network of exports of the Belt and Road countries has transformed from multi-core pattern into one extreme along with multi-core pattern; 2. China, South Korea, Russia, Singapore and Italy are the highest-ranking countries in the network. Among these countries, the influence of China is on the rise, South Korea South Korea’s influence remains basically unchanged., however, Russia, Singapore and Italy are on the decline; 3. The leading edge of Asia-Pacific block in the network has been enhanced year by year. Not only has the trade volume within the block increased to 50% of the whole network, but the trade export to other three blocks has significant increasement. The total volume of trade in European block increased greatly and its block mode has transformed from external to universal. The trade volume of the former Soviet Union block along with the West Asia-Africa block increased significantly as well, but there is still a large gap compared with the European block and Asia-Pacific block.

scholarly journals How the Belt and Road Initiative Can Help Strengthen the Role of the SCO and Deepen China’s Cooperation with Russia and the Countries of Central Asia

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Na-Xi ◽  
Huang Meng-Fang ◽  
Lu Shan-Bing
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ◽  
Improved Model ◽  
The Belt And Road

China and Russia issued a joint statement on 8 May 2015 outlining the main approaches to linking the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) projects. Both parties believe that to build the ‘Belt and Road’ project, it is necessary to use economic integration laws and actively enhance the role of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SOC) in stimulating regional economic cooperation, promoting construction of the SREB and linkage to and cooperation with the EAEU, creating a Free Trade Area (FTA) in the Asia-Pacific region (APR) and simultaneously begin creating a similar FTA among China, Russia and Central Asia to gradually stimulate interstate trade and promote regional economic development, actively developing—along with an improved model of energy cooperation—infrastructure and related industry and strengthening business contacts and jointly promoting construction of the SREB.

scholarly journals Dal dibattito accademico al progetto geopolitico Le Nuove Vie della Seta fra potere marittimo e potere continentale

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Dossi
Keyword(s):  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
International Space ◽  
The Past ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
Academic Debate

The Belt and Road Initiative is closely related to an academic debate that took place in China during the past decade. Its topic was the relative importance of land and sea for the future of international politics, as well as its implications for China’s rise: should Beijing focus on the Asia-Pacific maritime domain or on the Eurasian landmass? In response to the academic debate, the Belt and Road Initiative was conceived as a geopolitical project that places China at the centre of the international space by leveraging on its dual nature as both a continental and a maritime power. Still, the fate of the Belt and Road Initiative hinges on finding a solution to some theoretical issues that the academic debate left unresolved.

The Pacific Alliance and the Belt and Road Initiative

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan-Felipe Toro-Fernandez ◽  
Jaime Tijmes-Ihl
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
American States ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Latin American Economic ◽  
The Belt And Road

PurposeThrough the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China has built bilateral relations with Latin American states. The purpose of this article is to explore the potential for using the Pacific Alliance (PA) as a negotiating frame as regards the Belt and Road Initiative.Design/methodology/approachWe use a descriptive and analytical methodology to recapitulate and analyze the factual and normative background of Latin American economic integration during the last three decades, a process that so far has culminated in the Pacific Alliance (PA) and an emphasis on the Asia–Pacific region.FindingsWe contend that the PA has been a learning process in terms of economic cooperation. In addition, it is a Latin American economic integration project that emphasizes its focus on the Asia–Pacific region. Considering the nature of BRI projects, as well as Latin American states’ and China’s interests, we contend that it would be beneficial if Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, the members of the PA, and China channeled their BRI relations through the PA. Thus, the PA should be China’s negotiating partner.Originality/valueSo far, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Latin America has been built upon bilateral relations. This article explores the possibility of developing the BRI through the Pacific Alliance (PA).

scholarly journals Ecological Civilizationalism: Greater Educational Cooperation and Sustainable Development under the bri

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-21
Author(s):  
Michael A. Peters ◽  
Benjamin Green
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Collaboration ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Cooperative Networks ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Unique Form ◽  
Ecological Civilization ◽  
University Partnerships ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Fundamental Shift ◽  
The Belt And Road

Abstract Ecological Civilization (EC) represents a constituted effort on the part of China to utilize its developing regional linkages to promote a form of globalization that places the bioeconomy as a foundational core of sustainable global development. This article first outlines how China, through a unique form of state-centric globalization-through-regionalism, has continued to develop cooperative networks based on global trade, infrastructure, and educational exchanges. Second, signaling a fundamental shift within the higher education (HE) landscape, we outline that the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and its ever-increasing number of open and inclusive university partnerships, represents a rich avenue for people-to-people exchange within a third-space for scientific collaboration. Third, within both a shifting HE landscape (and the scholarly push to engage with a new postdigital scientific/philosophical paradigm) China’s pursuit of EC constitutes a form of biodigitalism which conceptualizes the bioeconomy as a pursuit of technological advancement that preserves and strengthens humanity’s intimate relationship with the natural world. Finally, we argue that building a BRI-ESD community undergirded by the biodigital ecopedagogy of EC will provide both the curriculum and educational space to more fully enact UNESCO’s ESD 2030 framework.

The Belt and Road Initiative Agreements: Characteristics, Rationale, and Challenges

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Heng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Network Structure ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Project Development ◽  
Hub And Spoke ◽  
Close Link ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Contracting Costs ◽  
The Belt And Road

Abstract The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has brought with it an unprecedented number of agreements. BRI agreements consist of primary agreements (particularly MOUs) and secondary agreements (like performance agreements). They are a distinct, landmark feature of the BRI. Focusing on primary agreements and their close link with secondary agreements, this paper explores the following questions: What are the legal status and characteristics of primary agreements? Why are they adopted by China? What challenges do they face? BRI primary agreements can be regarded as a form of soft law, but that repurposes soft law characteristics for project development rather than rule development. BRI primary agreements have the following unique characteristics: (i) minimal legalization, (ii) a coordinated, project-based nature, and (iii) a hub-and-spoke network structure. While BRI primary agreements benefit from the advantages of soft law (e.g., reduced contracting costs, flexibility), they face challenges including those concerning underlying interests and their effectiveness.

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