scholarly journals Dal dibattito accademico al progetto geopolitico Le Nuove Vie della Seta fra potere marittimo e potere continentale

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Dossi
Keyword(s):  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
International Space ◽  
The Past ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
Academic Debate

The Belt and Road Initiative is closely related to an academic debate that took place in China during the past decade. Its topic was the relative importance of land and sea for the future of international politics, as well as its implications for China’s rise: should Beijing focus on the Asia-Pacific maritime domain or on the Eurasian landmass? In response to the academic debate, the Belt and Road Initiative was conceived as a geopolitical project that places China at the centre of the international space by leveraging on its dual nature as both a continental and a maritime power. Still, the fate of the Belt and Road Initiative hinges on finding a solution to some theoretical issues that the academic debate left unresolved.

scholarly journals Lao People's Democratic Republic's Dependency on China's Infrastructure Assistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-31
Author(s):  
Sigit Candrawiranatakusuma ◽  
Jefferson Winata Bachtiar
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Lao Pdr ◽  
The Other ◽  
Foreign Investor ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
The Past ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Common Destiny ◽  
Indochina War ◽  
The Belt And Road

Despite an acrimonious history, being involved in the second and third Indochina War, in the past few years, Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR) seems to have deepened its relations with China. The improvement of friendly bilateral ties between Beijing and Vientiane can be observed by the evidence of China as the largest foreign investor in the country. On one hand, Lao PDR’s struggle to improve its economic its landlocked geography and the need for infrastructure assistance naturally makes the country lean more towards China. On the other hand, Beijing needs Lao PDR’s geographical advantages to complete the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) project. The objective of this paper is to analyze the evolving relationship between China and Lao PDR within the context of the BRI. This paper concludes that both parties have developed a complex interdependent relationship with China attempting to establish a solid geo-economics system while trying to assert its position in a structural power system. The act of assertion is supported by its foreign policy that is predicted to be utilized to cajole Southeast Asia countries to be part of a community of common destiny under the leadership of Beijing.

scholarly journals Heilongjiang Province’s Engagement in BRI

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-21
Author(s):  
S. Linlin
Keyword(s):  
Financial Integration ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Heilongjiang Province ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Geographical Position ◽  
The Belt And Road

As one of the nine border provinces in the country, Heilongjiang Province has 2,981 kilometres of RussianRussian border and 25 national first-class ports. In the past five years, Heilongjiang Province, based on the prominent geographical position in the core of Northeast Asia, has actively promoted the national strategy of the Belt and Road Initiative, deepened on open cooperation with countries in the Northeast Asia, and focused on developing economic cooperation and trade with Russia while building a new pattern of openness to the outside world. This paper in detail elaborates the progress of Heilongjiang Province’s participation in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in aspect of “five links” construction, namely, policy coordination, connectivity of infrastructure, unimpeded trade, financial integration and closer people-to-people ties, since the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative in 2013, and further proposes feasible countermeasures.

The Pacific Alliance and the Belt and Road Initiative

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan-Felipe Toro-Fernandez ◽  
Jaime Tijmes-Ihl
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
American States ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Latin American Economic ◽  
The Belt And Road

PurposeThrough the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China has built bilateral relations with Latin American states. The purpose of this article is to explore the potential for using the Pacific Alliance (PA) as a negotiating frame as regards the Belt and Road Initiative.Design/methodology/approachWe use a descriptive and analytical methodology to recapitulate and analyze the factual and normative background of Latin American economic integration during the last three decades, a process that so far has culminated in the Pacific Alliance (PA) and an emphasis on the Asia–Pacific region.FindingsWe contend that the PA has been a learning process in terms of economic cooperation. In addition, it is a Latin American economic integration project that emphasizes its focus on the Asia–Pacific region. Considering the nature of BRI projects, as well as Latin American states’ and China’s interests, we contend that it would be beneficial if Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, the members of the PA, and China channeled their BRI relations through the PA. Thus, the PA should be China’s negotiating partner.Originality/valueSo far, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Latin America has been built upon bilateral relations. This article explores the possibility of developing the BRI through the Pacific Alliance (PA).

From Cautious Interaction to Mature Influence: China's Evolving Engagement with the International Investment Regime

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-88
Author(s):  
Wendy Leutert ◽  
Zachary Haver
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Investment ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Bilateral Investment Treaties ◽  
The Past ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
State Behaviour ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
Over Time

As the Belt and Road Initiative expands the global footprint of Chinese firms, Beijing increasingly relies on international law to protect investments overseas. How and why has China's engagement with the international investment regime evolved over the past four decades? This article addresses these questions by examining the central component of the international investment regime: bilateral investment treaties (BITs). Through analyzing China's BIT practice and the security exceptions in 1,173 BITs concluded by both China as well as its treaty partners, this article provides evidence of changing Chinese engagement, from cautious interaction (1978–1991) to active participation (1992–1997), committed implementation (1998–2012), and mature influence (2013–present). As Beijing accepted, applied, and shaped the rules and norms of the BIT system, China's treaty practice co-evolved with the international investment regime. A co-evolutionary approach illuminates why—and how—state behaviour and international orders change over time.

China Economic Relations with Mauritania in the Age of the Belt and Road Initiative

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-86
Author(s):  
Mordechai Chaziza
Keyword(s):  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Western Hegemony ◽  
The Belt And Road

The People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Islamic Republic of Mauritania have maintained steady bilateral relations since the establishment of diplomatic ties in 1965. This study examines China’s economic relations with the Islamic Republic of Mauritania in the Belt and Road Initiative era. Over the past years, the PRC has been increasing its presence and engagement with Mauritania’s economy and presenting itself as a reliable financial and investor partner. The main argument is that the PRC’s relationship with Mauritania is based on shared or mutual commercial interests, especially Mauritania’s economic development, industrialization, and social development through integration in the BRI framework. China has collaborated with Mauritania both bilaterally and multilaterally, mainly through the BRI framework, and is also expanding its political power and influence in the country at the expense of Western hegemony.

China's space programme will rebound from setbacks

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
The West ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Space Industry ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
New Space ◽  
The Belt And Road

Significance China's ambitious space programme suffered a setback last month when the newest and most powerful addition to the Long March rocket family, the Long March-5, was destroyed by a malfunction shortly after a launch. This was the third and most serious Long March failure over the past year. Impacts The consistency of political commitment to China's space programme will not waver. China's space industry will integrate itself into the Belt and Road Initiative. China is unlikely to allow its space industry the autonomy and freewheeling entrepreneurialism that characterises 'New Space' in the West.

scholarly journals The New Silk Road and Sino-Russian relations through the lens of Liberalism, Realism and Neocolonialism

2021 ◽  
Vol 190 (5-6(2)) ◽  
pp. 4-11
Author(s):  
Ioan Alexandru Gherasim ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Status ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
The Silk Road

The rebirth of the Silk Road presents itself as a possible change in the status quo in Central Asia. China’s presents and influence in the region has been increasing in the past decade in the detriment of Russian influence. This paper analyzes the New Silk Road and Sino-Russian relations through the lens of liberalism, realism and neocolonialism. The Belt and Road Initiative presents itself as a revolutionary project however the changes it produces in terms of trade are minimal. Strategic aspects trump the trade related ones. The paper demonstrates that China needs Russia to participate in order to make the project successful while Russia should participate in order to limit China from taking control over the region, thus realism is they school of thought together with neocolonialism.

The Belt and Road Initiative and Sino-Russian economic cooperation: Is there one more chance for us?

2019 ◽  
pp. 47-71
Author(s):  
Petr M. Mozias
Keyword(s):  
Regional Integration ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Flexible Framework ◽  
The One ◽  
International Transactions ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
Current Stage

China’s Belt and Road Initiative could be treated ambiguously. On the one hand, it is intended to transform the newly acquired economic potential of that country into its higher status in the world. China invites a lot of nations to build up gigantic transit corridors by joint efforts, and doing so it applies productively its capital and technologies. International transactions in RMB are also being expanded. But, on the other hand, the Belt and Road Initiative is also a necessity for China to cope with some evident problems of its current stage of development, such as industrial overcapacity, overdependence on imports of raw materials from a narrow circle of countries, and a subordinate status in global value chains. For Russia participation in the Belt and Road Initiative may be fruitful, since the very character of that project provides us with a space to manoeuvre. By now, Russian exports to China consist primarily of fuels and other commodities. More active industrial policy is needed to correct this situation . A flexible framework of the Belt and Road Initiative is more suitable for this objective to be achieved, rather than traditional forms of regional integration, such as a free trade zone.

Belt and Road Initiative: Analysis of Possible Effects on Nigeria’s Economy

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (06) ◽  
pp. 20475-20182
Author(s):  
Ige Ayokunle O ◽  
Akingbesote A.O
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
International Economic ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
International Economic Cooperation ◽  
R Project ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Belt And Road

The Belt and Road initiative is an important attempt by China to sustain its economic growth, by exploring new forms of international economic cooperation with new partners. Even though the B&R project is not the first attempt at international cooperation, it is considered as the best as it is open in nature and does not exclude interested countries. This review raised and answered three questions of how the B&R project will affect Nigeria’s economy?  How will it affect the relationship between Nigeria and China? What could go wrong?, The review concluded that Nigeria can only benefit positively from the project.

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