Time-space evolution of the goods export network of the Belt and Road countries: The view of weighted complex network

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Min Liu ◽  
Weixian Xue ◽  
Lisong He ◽  
Xue Yan
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Complex Network ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Trade Volume ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Weighted Complex Network ◽  
The Belt And Road

The weighted complex network is utilized to analyze the evolution of the overall structural features of the goods export network and the role transitions of each country in the network. The research suggests: 1. The network of exports of the Belt and Road countries has transformed from multi-core pattern into one extreme along with multi-core pattern; 2. China, South Korea, Russia, Singapore and Italy are the highest-ranking countries in the network. Among these countries, the influence of China is on the rise, South Korea South Korea’s influence remains basically unchanged., however, Russia, Singapore and Italy are on the decline; 3. The leading edge of Asia-Pacific block in the network has been enhanced year by year. Not only has the trade volume within the block increased to 50% of the whole network, but the trade export to other three blocks has significant increasement. The total volume of trade in European block increased greatly and its block mode has transformed from external to universal. The trade volume of the former Soviet Union block along with the West Asia-Africa block increased significantly as well, but there is still a large gap compared with the European block and Asia-Pacific block.

scholarly journals How the Belt and Road Initiative Can Help Strengthen the Role of the SCO and Deepen China’s Cooperation with Russia and the Countries of Central Asia

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Na-Xi ◽  
Huang Meng-Fang ◽  
Lu Shan-Bing
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ◽  
Improved Model ◽  
The Belt And Road

China and Russia issued a joint statement on 8 May 2015 outlining the main approaches to linking the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) projects. Both parties believe that to build the ‘Belt and Road’ project, it is necessary to use economic integration laws and actively enhance the role of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SOC) in stimulating regional economic cooperation, promoting construction of the SREB and linkage to and cooperation with the EAEU, creating a Free Trade Area (FTA) in the Asia-Pacific region (APR) and simultaneously begin creating a similar FTA among China, Russia and Central Asia to gradually stimulate interstate trade and promote regional economic development, actively developing—along with an improved model of energy cooperation—infrastructure and related industry and strengthening business contacts and jointly promoting construction of the SREB.

scholarly journals Energy Network Embodied in Trade along the Belt and Road: Spatiotemporal Evolution and Influencing Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10530
Author(s):  
Yue Fu ◽  
Long Xue ◽  
Yixin Yan ◽  
Yao Pan ◽  
Xiaofang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Complex Network ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Intermediate Energy ◽  
Complex Network Analysis ◽  
Energy Trade ◽  
Direct Energy ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

As an important part of trade in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) area, significant research attention has been devoted to direct energy transfer, whereas studies on energy embodied in non-energy products have largely been neglected. To present an overview of energy trade for the BRI members, this study combined multi-regional input-output (MRIO) analysis with complex network analysis to model energy use flows within the BRI’s intermediate and final trade network during 2000–2015. Results showed that intermediate energy trade volume is about 7.29-fold larger than that of final trade. Russia and Mainland China were found to be the main net exporter and net importer in intermediate energy trade, respectively, but in final energy trade their roles are reversed. In intermediate energy trade, resource exploitation and heavy industry are the leading intermediate exporter and importer respectively, whereas household consumption is the largest importer (accounting for about three-fifths of the total) in final energy trade. Based on the complex network analysis, the BRI countries were found to trade widely in the final network while cooperating deeply in the intermediate network, with obvious small-world features. Mainland China and Russia were identified as key economies in both intermediate and final trade networks. In addition, quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) analysis was adopted to explore the determinants of the BRI energy trade from 2000 to 2015. It was found that geographic distance, land adjacency, and culture and language have a consistently significant impact on intermediate trade. Closer geographic distance, being adjacent to land, a higher level of economic development, and a larger size of population can promote final trade. This study aimed to supplement existing studies on direct energy trade and provides implications for understanding the sustainable energy development in the BRI area.

scholarly journals The Structure and Dynamic of Scientific Collaboration Network among Countries along the Belt and Road

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 5187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinchang Gui ◽  
Chengliang Liu ◽  
DeBin Du
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Scientific Collaboration ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Collaboration Network ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Hub And Spoke ◽  
Dynamic Perspective ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Network Properties ◽  
The Belt And Road

Although a number of studies have discussed the economic, geopolitical and environmental impacts of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), there is a scarcity of analysis on the importance of science in the Belt and Road (B&R). Adopting bibliographical data from Clarivate Analytics’ Web of Science database for the period 2000–2018, this study investigates the network properties, topological structure, spatial pattern, position of countries, core-periphery sets, and the hierarchy of the network from a dynamic perspective. The results show that scientific collaboration is increasingly frequent. The “hub-and-spoke” and triangulated structures coexist, shaping the landscape of the network. With the decline of Central and Eastern Europe, and the rise of the Asia-Pacific region, the spatial pattern evolves from ‘‘strong Western and weak Eastern” to ‘‘weak Western and strong Eastern’’. The central position has been occupied by India, China, and Turkey, while Russia’s influence has lessened over time. Moreover, the collaboration network is a typical core–periphery structure with prominent hierarchical features. China, Poland, and Saudi Arabia are the top-tier coordination centers within sub-networks. Finally, this study provides policy recommendations and prospective research directions.

A study on the evolution of port logistics network based on complex theory: A case study of key coastal ports in China

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Xu Xu ◽  
Yanbing Yang ◽  
Yi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Complex Network ◽  
Network Evolution ◽  
Clustering Coefficient ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Power Law Distribution ◽  
Complex Network Theory ◽  
Network Characteristics ◽  
Real Network ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

In order to promote the construction of “The Belt and Road” Initiative, we construct the complex network evolution model based on the complex network theory and node attractiveness. We select the relevant 2017 data of 18 coastal ports mentioned in the Belt and Road Initiative, and verify the validity of the model by comparing the network eigenvalues between evolving network and real network. The results show that the average distances between ports are short, clustering coefficient and dependence of hub ports are high, its topological structure has scale-free network characteristics and fits the power law distribution. Meanwhile, we study the change of network characteristics of the evolutionary network and real network under deliberate attack and random attack. The statistics show that the robustness is weak under deliberate attack but strong under random attack. These are great reference to the construction and development of China’s Belt and Road Initiative.

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Influencing Factors in the Establishment of the Overseas Agricultural Cooperation Zones under the Belt and Road Initiative Based on Logit Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Huiqing Zheng ◽  
Peifen Zhuang
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Host Country ◽  
Logit Model ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Trade Volume ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Labor Resources ◽  
The Belt And Road

A total of 57 overseas agricultural cooperation zones have been selected from 68 countries along the Belt and Road and extended areas from 2006 to 2018 as samples, and the corresponding indexes of bilateral trade in agricultural products, agricultural resource endowments, labor resources, infrastructure, and economic freedom have been chosen for parameter estimation based on the maximum likelihood method under the Logit model for an empirical analysis of the main influencing factors in the establishment of the overseas agricultural cooperation zones. The empirical analysis results indicate that the total import and export trade volume of agricultural products, agricultural land area, and labor resources of the host country have a significant promoting effect on the establishment of overseas agricultural cooperation zones. The economic freedom index has a significant negative impact on the establishment of overseas agricultural cooperation zones, while the port throughput has no significant impact. China should consider several main factors when selecting a host country to establish overseas agricultural cooperation zones, including bilateral trade volume of agricultural products, agricultural resource endowments, labor resources, and economic freedom of the host country, which can provide reference for the spatial layout of the overseas agricultural cooperation zones.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing Embodied Energy Trade between the Belt and Road Countries: A Gravity Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqi Sun ◽  
Qing Shi
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
Energy Flow ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Flow Paths ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Energy Trade ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

Abstract Energy is a basic factor input embodied in the production of goods and services. The rapid growth of trade between Belt and Road countries calls for the study of bilateral embodied energy trade between them. Using the Eora input-output database in 2015, this paper accounts the embodied energy trade between Belt and Road countries, followed by an investigation of the factors influencing the embodied energy trade through a gravity model, which is different from the conventional decomposition analysis. We find that the main bilateral embodied flow paths are from South Korea to China, China to South Korea, Singapore to China, Ukraine to Russia, and Malaysia to Singapore. 5% embodied energy flow paths account for 80% of the total bilateral embodied energy flow volume between Belt and Road countries. The gravity model results indicate that GDP per capita and population are the key drivers of bilateral embodied energy trade, while the industrial share of GDP is negatively related to the trade. Energy intensity, especially that of importing countries, plays a crucial role in reducing the bilateral embodied energy flow. These results are useful in the policymaking of sustainable development for the Belt and Road Initiative.

Elite Opinion and the "Belt and Road" Debate in South Korea

2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hundt ◽  
Sooyoung Kim
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

scholarly journals Dal dibattito accademico al progetto geopolitico Le Nuove Vie della Seta fra potere marittimo e potere continentale

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Dossi
Keyword(s):  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
International Space ◽  
The Past ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
Academic Debate

The Belt and Road Initiative is closely related to an academic debate that took place in China during the past decade. Its topic was the relative importance of land and sea for the future of international politics, as well as its implications for China’s rise: should Beijing focus on the Asia-Pacific maritime domain or on the Eurasian landmass? In response to the academic debate, the Belt and Road Initiative was conceived as a geopolitical project that places China at the centre of the international space by leveraging on its dual nature as both a continental and a maritime power. Still, the fate of the Belt and Road Initiative hinges on finding a solution to some theoretical issues that the academic debate left unresolved.

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