scholarly journals Identifying Urban Structure Based on Transit-Oriented Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 7241
Author(s):  
Yingqun Zhang ◽  
Rui Song ◽  
Rob van Nes ◽  
Shiwei He ◽  
Weichuan Yin
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Human Model ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Transit Oriented Development ◽  
City Center ◽  
Fast Development ◽  
Transportation Development ◽  
The City

The fast development of urbanization has led to imbalances in cities, causing congestion, pollution, and urban sprawl. In response to the growing concern over the distribution of demand and supply, a more coordinated urban structure is addressed in comprehensive planning processes. In this study, we attempt to identify urban structure using a Network–Activity–Human model under the Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) concept, since TOD is usually regarded as an urban spatial planning tool. In order to explore the strengths and weaknesses of the urban structure, we define the TOD index and unbalance degree and then classify the urban areas accordingly. We take the city of Beijing as a case study and identify nine urban types. The results show a hierarchical urban structure: the city center covers most of the hotspots which display higher imbalances, the surroundings of the city center are less developed, and the city edges show higher potentials in both exploitation and transportation development. Moreover, we discuss the extent to which the spatial scale influences the unbalance degree and apply a sensitivity analysis based on the goals of different stakeholders. This methodology could be utilized at any study scale and in any situation, and the results could offer suggestions for more accurate urban planning, strengthening the relationship between TOD and spatial organization.

scholarly journals Traditions and innovations in the structure of the center of the historic city

2019 ◽  
pp. 58-65
Author(s):  
L. Skoryk
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Large City ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
City Development ◽  
City Center ◽  
The City

The article examines the main ways of resolving permanent contradictions between the historical features of the center of a large city and the modern needs of society in the process of urban modernization, taking into account the particular complexity of the problem of reconstructing their central parts. The town-planning substance of the city center, which was formed over the centuries, has outstanding architectural and historical advantages, the need to preserve and multiply them has ceased to be the subject of discussion; today it is recognized as an act of special social, cultural, aesthetic and moral significance. At the same time, intensive urban growth, the evolution of society and its needs, involves the development and transformation of the whole system of cultural and public services of the city, the highest level of which is a city center, capable of It is the center of the city that has a concentrated imagination of the unusualness, much needed for city residents, too uniform in the processes of technological progress. With undoubted merits aimed at raising the civilizational level, these processes are inseparable from the threat of erasing individual traits and various spheres of life and human activity. This fact underlies emotionally – an aesthetic phenomenon, as today is the pronounced gravitation of the inhabitants of anonymous areas of cities to the uniqueness of historical urban environment in one way or another stored in the historical centers of large urban integrating various parts of the urban structure into a holistic urban formations. The connection of times in the process of city development should ensure the continuity of the path from historical experience to the realization of existing needs and from it to the notions of the future, which gives grounds for determining promising goals already in the present reality. Ensuring the continuity of the path of historical development of the city while preserving the integrity and individuality of its image requires the development of characteristic methods of its formation that simultaneously meet modern requirements. The relationship between the categories of traditions and innovation determines continuity as the main condition for the progressive movement in the development of cultural values, and is primarily in architecture and town-building art, forming the environment of the existence of a number of generations and epochs, thereby imparting a concrete existential expression to the problem of continuity. The problems of «old and new» in the structure of the central parts of historical cities require a comprehensive solution of the main tasks: analysis of the interdependence of the functional and planning categories of the urban center structure and the characteristic manifestations of functional planning solutions of different time periods; to reveal the basic principles of co-position-spatial interaction of the elements of the city center system on the basis of factors affecting the character of the spatial organization of the microstructures of the center in the process of their historical development; definitions of the main directions of the volumetric-plastic harmonization of the existing and new development on the basis of an analysis of the methods of architectonic revalorization and modern interpretation of the characteristic features of the historical architectural substance in accordance with the general informative background of the environment.

scholarly journals A Model for Complex Subsidence Causality Interpretation Based on PS-InSAR Cross-Heading Orbits Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahaa Mohamadi ◽  
Timo Balz ◽  
Ali Younes
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rock Type ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
City Center ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Final Model ◽  
Alexandria City ◽  
The City ◽  
Central South

Urban areas are subject to subsidence due to varying natural and anthropogenic causes. Often, subsidence is interpreted and correlated to a single causal factor; however, subsidence is usually more complex. In this study, we adopt a new model to distinguish different causes of subsidence in urban areas based on complexity. Ascending and descending Sentinel-1 data were analyzed using permanent scatterer interferometry (PS-InSAR) and decomposed to estimate vertical velocity. The estimated velocity is correlated to potential causes of subsidence, and modeled using different weights, to extract the model with the highest correlations among subsidence. The model was tested in Alexandria City, Egypt, based on three potential causes of subsidence: rock type, former lakes and lagoons dewatering (FLLD), and built-up load (BL). Results of experiments on the tested area reveal singular patterns of causal factors of subsidence distributed across the northeast, northwest, central south, and parts of the city center, reflecting the rock type of those areas. Dual causes of subsidence are found in the southwest and some parts of the southeast as a contribution of rock type and FLLD, whereas the most complex causes of subsidence are found in the southeast of the city, as the newly built-up areas interact with the rock type and FLLD to form a complex subsidence regime. Those areas also show the highest subsidence values among all other parts of the city. The accuracy of the final model was confirmed using linear regression analysis, with an R2 value of 0.88.

scholarly journals PARKING SPACES NEAR MASS GRAVITY CENTERS IN URBANIZED TERRITORIES: METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATING THE REQUIRED PLACES

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-83
Author(s):  
A. V. Zedgenizov ◽  
A. V. Bazan
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Affecting Factors ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
City Center ◽  
Gravity Center ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Financial Interest ◽  
Retail Outlets ◽  
The City

Introduction. The paper discusses the problems of organizing the vehicles’ parking near large shopping centers and also describes their relevance, taking into account the transport services of retail outlets and residence places. The authors present the research of the problem by leading scientists, which is reflected in the regulatory documentation.Materials and methods. The authors used a mathematical description of the average parking duration and identified the main affecting factors, taking into account the proportion of workers in the mass gravity center. The authors proposed a mathematical dependence based on the average parking duration, taking into account reservation of parking places for workers and the required number of parking spaces for other categories. The paper considered the possibility of the intra-hour deficit of parking places based on the PHF-factor.Results. As a result, the authors made the comparison of the obtained values of the required parking spaces with the standard ones. The paper provided more than 30 types of mass gravity centers and urban areas. In addition, the authors considered the examples of assessing the required number of parking spaces near a large housing estate at the 8 km distance from the city center. Therefore, the authors proposed the technique for assessing the required number of parking spaces based on normative values per 100 m2 of the area of the mass gravity centers.Discussion and conclusions. The authors present recommendations are made for the practical application of the required number of parking spaces by the normative values.Financial transparency: the authors have no financial interest in the presented materials or methods. There is no conflict of interest.

scholarly journals The dynamics of population distributions in cities based on daily mobile phone operations: A case study of some Moravian cities

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-86
Author(s):  
Gabriel Kopáčik ◽  
Antonín Vaishar ◽  
Eva Šimara
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Urban Structures ◽  
Population Distributions ◽  
Dynamics Of Population ◽  
The City ◽  
Permanent Residents

Abstract Analyses of the changes in the presence of persons in different central and residential parts of urban areas are subject to evaluation in this paper. Case studies of the cities of Brno, Ostrava and Zlín during the day and night are highlighted. Data from a provider of mobile phone services were used for the analyses. It appears that the data can be important for the comparison of different urban structures. The results demonstrate that the organisation of urban structure affects the number of visitors and thus the area attractiveness. It was confirmed that the number of mobile phone users in the city cores is higher than the number of permanent residents. The greatest differences between the day and night in the city cores were found in Brno, a concentric city with the most important central functions among the cities studied. Differences between the day and night in residential areas were not as large as expected. City neighbourhoods in Brno showed some specific rhythmicity.

scholarly journals Car ownership and commuting mode of the “original” residents in a high-density city center: A case study in Shanghai

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-124
Author(s):  
Tao Chen ◽  
Haixiao Pan ◽  
Yanbo Ge
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Central Area ◽  
High Density ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
City Center ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

As a result of rapid urbanization and motorization in China, numerous mega-cities have emerged, and large numbers of people live and work in the city centers. Consequently, developing a public transport-oriented urban structure and promoting sustainable development are major planning strategies for the country. To understand the impact of rail transit on motorization in a high-density city center, we conduct a household travel survey in three neighborhoods around metro stations in the central area of Shanghai. We examine the car buying and commuting behavior of those Shanghai “original” residents who lived there when the city began growing, engulfing them in the center. Studies have shown that 40 percent of commuters in the city center commute outward, following a virtually reversed commute pattern, and the factors significantly affecting their car purchasing choice include their attitude toward cars and transit, household incomes, ownership of the apartments they live in, and the distance between family members’ workplaces and nearest metro stations. Despite easy access to the metro from their home in the city center, those who purchase their apartment units also likely own a car, while those who rent their apartment units are less likely to own a car; however, these odds are still higher than for those who live in an apartment unit inherited from their relatives or provided by their company. In the city center, if a family owns a car, then that car would almost certainly be used for daily commuting. A multinomial logistic model is applied to examine the factors influencing the tendency for using cars. The results show that people’s choices of commuting by alternative modes rather than cars are also shaped by their attitude toward public transportation, but other factors can also subtly change people’s commuting behavior under certain conditions. The commuting distance discourages people from walking and taking buses (but not metro). As the egress distance to the workplace increases, the metro becomes less appealing than cars. Mixed land use encourages people to walk or take buses instead of driving. Older people prefer riding buses and walking to driving, and female respondents tend to prefer walking, cycling, and riding the metro to driving compared to male respondents. These findings contribute to understanding the behavior of people who are familiar with public transportation and how to encourage them to switch from driving cars to alternative transport modes.

The Impact of Spatial Organization on Locating the Friday Mosques in the Traditional Islamic City-The Old Mosul City as a Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Faris A. Matloob ◽  
Ahmad B. Sulaiman
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
People Movement ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Early Islamic

Islamic city has its own character that distinguishes it from other urban environments. This is because it followed the Islamic ideology related to building the land. This led to that all cities built during early Islamic ages had followed the same principles in any part of the Islamic world. It is argued that the characteristics of the urban space configuration have a big role in making these cities successful environments. The key aspect in this matter is the distribution of land uses within the urban structure as it is directly associated with people movement and the distribution of their activities. The Friday mosques as the most important components of the Islamic city was located in a way that gave the city its own character. This study supposes that the distribution of the Friday mosques was affected by the way in which the urban space was configured. It aimed to find out to what extent this configuration influenced locating the Friday mosques in the urban fabric. Using space syntax as an analytical technique and the Old Mosul city as a case study, this research analyzed the spatial structure against several spatial characteristics with mosques locations to meet its goal.  

Assessment of future heat events for the city of Augsburg by means of a normal vector based analog approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Merkenschlager ◽  
Christoph Beck ◽  
Elke Hertig
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
General Circulation Models ◽  
Normal Vector ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The City

<p>Under enhanced anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing heat waves are only one example of climatic risks mankind has to deal with. Especially in urban areas where most of the people will live until the end of the 21<sup>st</sup> century heat waves are a serious risk factor since the urban heat island will reinforce such events. For the city of Augsburg, new analog methods are utilized for assessing the development and impacts of heat waves taking into account the varying urban structure.</p><p>For model calibration the temperature data from the Augsburg-Mühlhausen weather station operated by the German Weather Service (DWD) and atmospheric circulation variables of the ERA5 reanalysis data set were used to analyze the recent temperature development. For this purpose, the least deviation of the normal vector was used to determine a subsample of analogs corresponding to the day of interest. The normal vector was derived from the regression plane of the prevailing circulation on the respective day. Subsequently, the temperature patterns were used to define the analog day from the subsample. For future periods, the same method was applied to model data for two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5, RCP8.5) of different general circulation models (GCM: ACCESS1-0, CNRM-CM5, MPI-ESM-LR). Thus, we derive future time series of analogs corresponding to events prevailing in the observational period. To account for projected trends of the GCMs, the trends of all time-series were first removed and, after the analog selection process, added again according to the trends of the GCMs.</p><p>Temperature extremes are defined as days with temperatures exceeding the 90<sup>th</sup> quantile (Q90) and heat days are defined as days where at least two temperature indices (TMIN, TMEAN, TMAX) exceed Q90. When at least three consecutive days are defined as heat day a heat wave is proclaimed. Analysis have shown that under consideration of RCP8.5 (RCP4.5) and all model runs the number of heat days in the end of the 21<sup>st</sup> century will be nine (five) times higher than within the reference period 1970-2000. Furthermore, the mean duration of heatwaves will extend by factor four (two), whereby heat waves of more than 30 (15) consecutive days are possible.</p>

scholarly journals The Influence of Urban Conditions on the Phenology of Aesculus hippocastanum L. Using the Example of Wroclaw (Poland)

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1261
Author(s):  
Iwona Dominika Orzechowska-Szajda ◽  
Robert Krzysztof Sobolewski ◽  
Joanna Lewandowska ◽  
Paulina Kowalska ◽  
Robert Kalbarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Aesculus Hippocastanum ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
City Center ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The differences in plant phenology between rural and urban areas are the subject of research conducted all over the world. There are few studies aimed at assessing the impact of the urban heat island on plant vegetation only in urban areas. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of the distance from the city center and the form of land cover on the phenological development of trees using the example of the horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.). The research area covered the entire city of Wrocław. In order to best capture the impact of the distance from the city center on the rate of changes of individual phenophases, 3 areas were designated—at a distance of 1 km, 2 km and 5 km. The study assessed the average duration of individual phenological phases along with the variability characteristics for leafing, flowering and fruiting in relation to the designated zones and classified forms of land cover based on mean value (x¯) and standard deviation (±SD) in individual weeks of the year. For the leafing and flowering phases, the frequency of the occurrence of phases in individual weeks of the year was analyzed in relation to the designated zones and classified land use methods. The results obtained on the basis of phenological observations carried out in 2017 in Wrocław confirmed the extension of the period of vegetation in the city center in relation to its peripheries. Trees growing in road lanes entered the vegetation period later and defoliated faster, which confirms the negative impact of street conditions on the development of trees in urban space. Thus, the growing season in road lanes is shorter and due to the 1-year observation period, it is justified to conduct further observations.

scholarly journals Influence Of Advertisments On Changes In The Urban Structure Of Cites On The Example Of Poznan

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Bonenberg
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
City Center ◽  
Advertising Message ◽  
The City ◽  
Potential Customers

Abstract The article presents the results of studies on the influence of outdoor advertisements on the activation of selected areas in the spatial structure of the city of Poznań. The contents of advertisements were analyzed in terms of the places which advertisements placed on signs, billboards and advertising displays located in public spaces direct us to. The results of studies indicated that the majority of advertisements located in the city center of Poznań promote suburban locations, encouraging its inhabitants to make use of trade and services outside of the strict city center. At the same time, it was indicated that outside advertisements due to the content of the advertising message are a factor degrading the city center, directing potential customers away into the suburbs. In practice, it was noted that the phenomenon significantly decreases the effectiveness of actions directed towards revitalizing the city center and the urban activation of this region.

scholarly journals Possibilities for improvement of environmental monitoring of precipitation in the city (a case of Lutsk)

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Monitoring ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Atmospheric Precipitation ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Anthropogenic Contamination ◽  
State Monitoring ◽  
The City

Formulation of the problem. The environmental parameters of precipitation in the city often differ from the background values and require the special observations program. The existing state monitoring system does not reflect the spatial differentiation of such parameters in urban areas, so it needs to be improved. The purpose of the article: to find out the features of organization and implementation of rainfall environmental monitoring in urban areas, with the justification of the main parameters of observation and spatial placement of network points. Methods. The main results are based on the authors' experience in own observations on the amount, acidity and mineralization of precipitation in several quarters of Lutsk during 2015-2018. Results. Own observations and mapping of individual parameters of atmospheric precipitation in the city allowed to reveal the dependence of the indexes of acidity and mineralization on the amount of precipitation, air pollution, directions of air inflow, temperature, etc. The spatial differentiation of these indicators in the city is significant (the amplitude can reach up to 0.9 units of pH and 15-17 ppm of tds) and is related to the distribution of anthropogenic emissions and some microclimatic differences. Therefore, by organization the system of ecological monitoring of precipitation in the city it is necessary to focus on the definition of such basic parameters: pH, total mineralization, amount of precipitation, and also concomitant: water and air temperature, direction of airflows, carbon dioxide concentration, duration of the previous rainless period, etc. To select the representative locations for the control of precipitation in the city, it is necessary to analyze the following indicators: direction of prevailing winds, landscape and geomorphological features, the proximity of the most sources of anthropogenic contamination, building types etc. In this case, the minimum monitoring scheme should include such control points: the near and far outskirts (in relation to the arrival of prevailing air masses), the leeward sides of large industrial zones or transport interchanges, the largest green zone, area near the city water body, and several points (1-3) in residential areas. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The main parameters and principles of the spatial organization of environmental monitoring of rainwater in the city are identified. The algorithm for creation such network has been tested in Lutsk and can be used for realization in other cities. Automation of similar measurements based on microcontrollers will to create quality non-state monitoring networks with the display of data in real time.

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