scholarly journals Traditions and innovations in the structure of the center of the historic city

2019 ◽  
pp. 58-65
Author(s):  
L. Skoryk
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Large City ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
City Development ◽  
City Center ◽  
The City

The article examines the main ways of resolving permanent contradictions between the historical features of the center of a large city and the modern needs of society in the process of urban modernization, taking into account the particular complexity of the problem of reconstructing their central parts. The town-planning substance of the city center, which was formed over the centuries, has outstanding architectural and historical advantages, the need to preserve and multiply them has ceased to be the subject of discussion; today it is recognized as an act of special social, cultural, aesthetic and moral significance. At the same time, intensive urban growth, the evolution of society and its needs, involves the development and transformation of the whole system of cultural and public services of the city, the highest level of which is a city center, capable of It is the center of the city that has a concentrated imagination of the unusualness, much needed for city residents, too uniform in the processes of technological progress. With undoubted merits aimed at raising the civilizational level, these processes are inseparable from the threat of erasing individual traits and various spheres of life and human activity. This fact underlies emotionally – an aesthetic phenomenon, as today is the pronounced gravitation of the inhabitants of anonymous areas of cities to the uniqueness of historical urban environment in one way or another stored in the historical centers of large urban integrating various parts of the urban structure into a holistic urban formations. The connection of times in the process of city development should ensure the continuity of the path from historical experience to the realization of existing needs and from it to the notions of the future, which gives grounds for determining promising goals already in the present reality. Ensuring the continuity of the path of historical development of the city while preserving the integrity and individuality of its image requires the development of characteristic methods of its formation that simultaneously meet modern requirements. The relationship between the categories of traditions and innovation determines continuity as the main condition for the progressive movement in the development of cultural values, and is primarily in architecture and town-building art, forming the environment of the existence of a number of generations and epochs, thereby imparting a concrete existential expression to the problem of continuity. The problems of «old and new» in the structure of the central parts of historical cities require a comprehensive solution of the main tasks: analysis of the interdependence of the functional and planning categories of the urban center structure and the characteristic manifestations of functional planning solutions of different time periods; to reveal the basic principles of co-position-spatial interaction of the elements of the city center system on the basis of factors affecting the character of the spatial organization of the microstructures of the center in the process of their historical development; definitions of the main directions of the volumetric-plastic harmonization of the existing and new development on the basis of an analysis of the methods of architectonic revalorization and modern interpretation of the characteristic features of the historical architectural substance in accordance with the general informative background of the environment.

scholarly journals Identifying Urban Structure Based on Transit-Oriented Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 7241
Author(s):  
Yingqun Zhang ◽  
Rui Song ◽  
Rob van Nes ◽  
Shiwei He ◽  
Weichuan Yin
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Human Model ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Transit Oriented Development ◽  
City Center ◽  
Fast Development ◽  
Transportation Development ◽  
The City

The fast development of urbanization has led to imbalances in cities, causing congestion, pollution, and urban sprawl. In response to the growing concern over the distribution of demand and supply, a more coordinated urban structure is addressed in comprehensive planning processes. In this study, we attempt to identify urban structure using a Network–Activity–Human model under the Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) concept, since TOD is usually regarded as an urban spatial planning tool. In order to explore the strengths and weaknesses of the urban structure, we define the TOD index and unbalance degree and then classify the urban areas accordingly. We take the city of Beijing as a case study and identify nine urban types. The results show a hierarchical urban structure: the city center covers most of the hotspots which display higher imbalances, the surroundings of the city center are less developed, and the city edges show higher potentials in both exploitation and transportation development. Moreover, we discuss the extent to which the spatial scale influences the unbalance degree and apply a sensitivity analysis based on the goals of different stakeholders. This methodology could be utilized at any study scale and in any situation, and the results could offer suggestions for more accurate urban planning, strengthening the relationship between TOD and spatial organization.

STAGES OF HISTORICAL AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF ORENBURG

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-148
Author(s):  
Larisa K. AYUKASOVA ◽  
Olesya N. VORONTSOVA
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Territorial Development ◽  
Spatial Transformations ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The City

The article aims to consider the development and preservation of the urban structure of the city as a result of historical transformations. As a result of the analysis, the authors propose, in addition to the existing system of periodization Of Russian urban planning (pre-Soviet, Soviet, post-Soviet periods), a system of division into stages associated with the peculiarities of the territorial development of the city of Orenburg against the background of the historical context. As a result of research 8 stages of historical development of Orenburg and the spatial transformations of planning structure of the city connected with them are allocated. Particular attention is paid to the description of the first stage - the laying and construction of the fortress city as a supporting Outpost of the Russian state. A brief description of the Russian urban ideology of the XVIII century as a General concept of spatial organization of cities of that time is given.

scholarly journals The Ancient City of Babylon

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (40) ◽  
pp. 617-656
Author(s):  
Mohammed S. Mahan ◽  
Ghassan Muslim Hamza
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Large City ◽  
Aerial Photos ◽  
The North ◽  
City Gates ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The City

       Babylon during Nebuchadnezzar II (604-562 BC) was a great city. It had been a large city since Old Babylonian times, but Nebuchadnezzar’s expansion of the city and large-scale rebuilding of important buildings with good baked brick instead of the traditional unbaked mudbrick created something exceptional. Babylon now was larger than Nineveh had been and larger than any of the cities in the known world. The political and economic base for this development was of course that it was the centre of the Neo-Babylonian empire created by Nebuchadnezzar’s father Nabopolassar (625–605 BC) and succeeding the Neo Assyrian empire as the main political entity in the Middle East.         An attempt for the first time to bring together the main results of the German excavations in Babylon with the main results from the Iraqi excavations there and thereby make use of the available cuneiform documentation and a selected use of the best of the classical tradition. With the help of a GIS software (QGIS) and a BIM program (ArchiCAD) the use of satellite images and aerial photos combined with inspection on the site, the historical development of the site has been studied and a digital research model of Babylon for different periods of the city’s history has been created.          Only main buildings and constructions have been considered and placed in the appropriate historical and archaeological context. Part 1 includes some information about the historical development of buildings and nature in Babylon, the rivers and groundwater in Baybylon, as well as basics about the building materials used in Babylon. Part 2 discuss the city walls and city gates, introductory matters about the history, excavation and other documentations of the walls and gates. The chapter also includes presentation of the walls and gates during Nabopolassar followed by a detailed discussion of the walls and gates during Nebuchadnezzar. The Ištar gate and the area around it with the different levels and the upper level glazed decoration have been treated separately. Detailed interpretations about the palaces, development of the main traditional South Palace and the new constructed North are discussed in part 3. Reasonable suggestions for the Hanging Gardens in the North Palace have be provided.          The temples are discussed in part 4 detailing the Marduk temple and the zikkurrat. The historical development of the four temples reconstructed on the site in Babylon on their old foundations, i.e. Nabû, Ištar, Ašratum, and Ninmaḫ temples, is discussed with indication which levels have been used for the reconstructions. The historical development of the other excavated temples, i.e. the Ninurta and Išḫara temples, are discussed in a similar way. Attention will be paid to the remains of wall decorations in the temples.  

scholarly journals CREATING SOCIOCULTURAL VALUES: THE PROBLEM OF LOCALIZATION IN THE URBAN SPACE

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-68
Author(s):  
Юрий Владимирович Преображенский
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Cultural Space ◽  
Economic Space ◽  
The Social ◽  
Effective Organization ◽  
The City ◽  
Positive Effect

Рассмотрен вопрос о сущности социокультурного пространства и его пересечении с экономическим пространством города. Показано, что наиболее эффективная организация пространственного взаимодействия данных пространств во многом является географической задачей. Предлагается метод изучения социальных практик населения для локализации точек и линий взаимодействия социокультурной и экономической сфер. Рассмотрены практики, в ходе которых создаются социокультурные ценности, положительно влияющие на экономическое пространство города. Обсуждается проблема влияния пешеходных пространств (наиболее насыщенных практиками) на формирование имиджа города. The question of the essence of the socio-cultural space and its intersection with the economic space of the city is considered. It is shown that the most effective organization of the spatial interaction of these spaces is in many ways a geographic task. A method is proposed for studying the social practices of the population to localize points and lines of interaction between the socio-cultural and economic spheres. The practice is considered in the course of which socio-cultural values are created that have a positive effect on the economic space of the city. The problem of the influence of pedestrian spaces (the most saturated with practices) on the formation of the city's image is discussed.

scholarly journals UKRAINIANS IN St. PETERSBURG IN SCIENTIFIC AND PUBLIC ACTIVITY OF TETIANA LEBEDYNSKA

2021 ◽  
pp. 114-120
Author(s):  
Tetiana Тsymbal
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
City Center ◽  
Science And Culture ◽  
The University ◽  
The City

The article presents the results of a study of scientific, educational and ascetic activities of one of the brightest representatives of the modern Ukrainian diaspora in Russia - Tetiana Lebedynska, a daughter of Ukrainian writer Mykola Shpak. T.M. Lebedynska is PhD in Philosophy, translator, writer, member of the Ukrainian Union of Writers, author of exhibitions dedicated to Ukrainian St. Petersburg, holder of the Order of Princess Olga III degree. The multifaceted scientific and educational activity of Tetiana Mykolajivna is considered. It is emphasized that she initiated and organized the International Scientific Seminar «St. Petersburg – Ukraine», which resulted in the publication of twenty collections of articles from 2000 to 2020. T.M. Lebedynska is the author of more than 200 scientific works, including unique publications: «Shevchenko's places of St. Petersburg», «St. Petersburg and Ukraine», «M.P. Hrebinka - town-planning of St. Petersburg», «Ukrainian necropolis of St. Petersburg», «I. Mazepa - Commander of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called», dictionary»Outstanding figures of science and culture of Russia who came from Ukraine», etc.. T.M. Lebedynska was published in Western Europe, the United States, and Arab countries. It is noted that the heroine of our intelligence pays most attention to the study of the life and work of the Great Kobzar, who had many life events in St. Petersburg: here he studied and worked, gained freedom and communicated with many prominent cultural figures, wrote poems and paintings and became an academician of arts. It was Tetiana Mykolajivna who was one of the initiators of the installation in St. Petersburg of the monument to Taras Shevchenko by Canadian sculptor Leo Mol (Leonid Molodozhanin), she collected signatures against the relocation of the site from the city center near the university to the outskirts, also she initiated and participated in the installation of a memorial to Kobzar at the Smolensk cemetery. Among other things Tetiana Lebedynska‟s ascetic activity is represented, by a study of the Ukrainian necropolis of St. Petersburg, as most graves and tombstones are in a state of destruction and may disappear for the future without restoration. And with them the memory of our compatriots who found eternal peace in the land of North Palmira will be destroyed. The article states that today, when Crimea is annexed and the Russian occupation of Donbass continues, it is very important to study the experience of our contemporaries - Ukrainians in Russia, who do not lose their identity in conditions of strong informational, ideological and linguistic pressure.

Spatial interaction of electric transport networks in Russian cities

2020 ◽  
pp. 110-121
Author(s):  
P. S. Stepanov
Keyword(s):  
Transport System ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Large City ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Light Rail ◽  
Electric Transport ◽  
Passenger Traffic ◽  
Mode Of Transport ◽  
The City

The transport systems of the largest cities in Russia usually include extensive tram and trolleybus networks. There are subways in seven million-plus cities. Thus, electric transport has a very significant role in the passenger traffic of these cities. Moreover, the mentioned elements of the electric transport system can influence each other in different ways, and the level of their spatial interaction can also differ. For example, in global practice, there are cases when most types of public transport in the city (bus, trolley, tram, minibus, etc.) are feeders to subway lines, which are usually the key mode of transport within the integrated transport system of a large city (in In some cases, the role of the subway can be performed by a light rail). In addition, tram and trolleybus can be integrated in different ways. Diverse factors and processes taking place inside the city can influence the level of this integration: replacing one mode of transport with another, shortening the lines of one of the modes of transport, etc. Various options for such interaction are described by the example of three Russia’s cities: Kazan, Samara and St. Petersburg.

REGENERATION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE OBJECTS IN THE STRUCTURE OF HOUSEHOLDS IN URBAN ESTATES OF THE 19TH - EARLY 20TH CENTURIES

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 78-84
Author(s):  
Lyudmila I. IVANOVA ◽  
Fedor V. KARASEV
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Architecture ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
City Center ◽  
Historic City ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town ◽  
Center Density

The article views the classifi cation and features of the formation of objects of landscape architecture in the structure of households of the estate building of the XIX - beginning of the XX centuries on the example of the city of Samara taking into account the town-planning features: social affi liation, location relative to the historic city center, density, height, functional and planning type of buildings. Emphasis is placed on the preservation of objects of landscape architecture within the borders of the existing households, which form the basis of the planning of the neighborhoods of the historic city center. Considering the identifi ed classifi cation a technique for the preservation and development of landscape architecture objects in modern conditions is proposed.

scholarly journals Recreation function of forest complexes as an element of urban planning: A view from Republic of Srpska

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-115
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Dosenovic ◽  
Tanja Trkulja ◽  
Mirjana Sekulic
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
City Development ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
Green Matrix ◽  
Location Factor ◽  
Banja Luka

The issue of recreation in a broad sense and from the aspect of urban planning is related to other urban functions, as well as to certain functional and ecological principles of spatial organization of cities (Douglas, 2000). The research presented in this paper indicate that the recreational function, as an urban planning category, receives inadequate treatment in the spatial, regional, and urban plans in Republic of Srpska, that is not proper for the new approach to evaluation and defining of important elements of urban planning, such as forest areas. Obscure urban plans do not allow concrete actions in terms of better planning of such spaces, and it hinders supervision of their sustainable development. Urban forests are key elements of green infrastructure and they provide essential ecosystem services (Capotorti et al., 2015). Current city development process in Republic of Srpska is characterized by an increase in number of buildings where economic factors impact the urban structure and share of open recreational spaces in the total area despite their increased functional and ecological justification. The process of intensive construction endangers natural resources such as forest complexes, thus they are becoming more and more valuable. In this paper, forest complexes will be regarded as a spatial category on example of the case study of Banja Luka. Seeking new solutions in order to obtain primarily qualitative then quantitative changes in representation, manner of use, and arrangement of forest complexes within the green matrix of Banja Luka, is an imperative. Whether these special and functional green structures would be designed for recreational or strictly protective functions, perhaps as a cultural landscape, or a green structure of polyvalent character, depends on many factors. This research focuses on fifteen forest management units (MU) that were selected by a method of separation of gravitational area and recreational zones in the city of Banja Luka. The method, besides its originality, contains BITTERLICH?s ratio of population separation for needs of forest complexes, which increases with the increase of population density and decrease of the distance from a forest area. This method for determining recreational value within a gravitational area is used to define the value of the forest complex location factor, as well as the value of its natural characteristics, i.e. whether the forest is suitable for recreation (Medarevic, 1993). Evaluation postulates are presented numerically and graphically by use of GIS technology for Republic of Srpska municipalities based on the previously prepared data model. The research results indicate that their practical use is possible in the domain of planning, designing, and organization of forest complexes to accommodate urban recreational needs.

scholarly journals URBAN CONVERSION IN THE CONTEXT OF VILNIUS CITY DEVELOPMENT ACCORDING TO SOLUTIONS OF MASTER PLAN FOR 2015

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-139
Author(s):  
Rūta Leitanaitė
Keyword(s):  
City Centre ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Master Plan ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
City Development ◽  
Family Housing ◽  
Industrial Zones ◽  
And Control ◽  
The City

Following the principles of sustainable development, one of the priorities, set in the new Master Plan of Vilnius, is development of a compact city. One of the instruments to achieve it is urban conversion. A convertible territory is a territory, which doesnt correspond to city‘s development priorities, its urban structure, or is injurious to the environment. There are two types of convertible territories defined in Vilnius: the former or is existing industrial zones and territories of collective gardens. Convertible territories are set after analysing them by criteria describing their impact on the city’s urban, environmental, economic, social qualities. When setting the regulations of conversion and future function of a territory, future sustainable connections with the adjacent urban and functional structures are the essential thing. The main principle of urban conversion is the multifunctional use, accentuating the necessity of public, social infrastructure. The regulations for convertible areas are analogous to the ones set for newly developing areas. The main part of the former industrial territories is to be converted into multifunctional (residential, commercial, public) zones, giving priority to the ones located in the city centre or local centres. All the territories of collective gardens are to be converted into single-family housing areas. The process of implementation of the regulation and control of urban conversion isn’t unquestionable. Improvements of the method are suggested referring to the experience of other European cities. Urbanistinė konversija Vilniaus miesto plėtros kontekste pagal bendrojo plano 2015 metams sprendinius Santrauka Pateikta Vilniaus BP konvertuojamų teritorijų samprata ir tipai, aptariamas jų potencialo nustatymo būdas. Pristatoma konvertuotinų teritorijų Vilniaus mieste identifikavimo metodika; apžvelgta teikiama Vilniaus miesto savivaldybės teritorijos bendrajame plane iki 2015 metų teritorijų konversijos reglamentų nustatymo metodika bei konversijos reglamentų siūlymai konkrečioms miesto teritorijoms. Aptariami teritorijų konversijos sprendinių įgyvendinimo ir reguliavimo Lietuvoje mechanizmo trūkumai bei Europos miestų patirtis šioje srityje, išskiriant optimalius metodus. Apžvelgiama urbanistinės konversijos reguliavimo problema žemesnio nei bendrasis planas rango teritorijų planavimo dokumentuose.

scholarly journals MODERN TRENDS IN THE FORMATION OF PUBLIC BUSINESS SPACES

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 94-102
Author(s):  
М. Макарова ◽  
M. Makarova ◽  
Е. Ладик ◽  
Elena Ladik ◽  
С. Киселев ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Large City ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The City

This article examines the urban public and business subcenters as secondary elements of the city system, the closest in properties to its main center. The criteria defining the public business subcenters are highlighted. The current trends in the formation of social and business subcenters in large cities and megalopolises are considered. Analysis of world experience is produced. Foreign concepts of spatial development are analyzed on the example of several existing urban subcenters. Various available cartographic materials and literature sources have been studied. They cover the development of urban business centers and various aspects of urban development. The methods of spatial formation of the planning structure of urban public business subcenters are highlighted: the cluster and channel. The development stages of urban subcenters from the territory of concentration of small trade and residential establishments to large-scale multifunctional urban planning formations are presented. The prospects for the development of business subcenters in major cities of the Russian Federation are analyzed and trends are identified: social and business polycentrism, disposition of administrative and business centers on the outskirts of cities and the formation of self-organizing business subcenters, mainly based on shopping and entertainment centers in residential areas. Prospects for development of urban subcenter in a large city are considered on the example of the city of Belgorod. Conclusions are drawn on the need to develop new models of urban public business subcenters taking into consideration the modern planning specifics of large cities and megalopolises of the Russian Federation. Models of urban public business subcenters must meet the requirements of polyfunctionality, to have high architectural and town planning qualities, to take into account the needs of population in the design area and to ensure the sustainable development of the urban periphery.

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